前置知识
分配律: ∑ k ∈ K c a k = c ∑ k ∈ K a k \displaystyle\sum_{k\in K} ca_k=c\displaystyle\sum_{k\in K}a_k k∈K∑cak=ck∈K∑ak
结合律: ∑ k ∈ K ( a k + b k ) = ∑ k ∈ K a k + ∑ k ∈ K b k \displaystyle\sum_{k\in K}(a_k+b_k)=\displaystyle\sum_{k\in K}a_k+\displaystyle\sum_{k\in K}b_k k∈K∑(ak+bk)=k∈K∑ak+k∈K∑bk
交换律: ∑ k ∈ K a k = ∑ p ( k ) ∈ K a p ( k ) \displaystyle\sum_{k\in K}a_k=\displaystyle\sum_{p(k)\in K}a_{p(k)} k∈K∑ak=p(k)∈K∑ap(k)
计算等差级数的一般和:
S = ∑ 0 ≤ k ≤ n ( a + b k ) S=\displaystyle\sum_{0≤k≤n}(a+bk) S=0≤k≤n∑(a+bk)
S = ∑ 0 ≤ n − k ≤ n ( a + b ( n − k ) ) = ∑ 0 ≤ k ≤ n ( a + b n − b k ) S=\displaystyle\sum_{0≤n-k≤n}(a+b(n-k))=\displaystyle\sum_{0≤k≤n}(a+bn-bk) S=0≤n−k≤n∑(a+b(n−k))=0≤k≤n∑(a+bn−bk)(交换律, n − k n-k n−k 代替 k k k)
2 S = ∑ 0 ≤ k ≤ n ( ( a + b k ) + ( a + b n − b k ) ) = ∑ 0 ≤ k ≤ n ( 2 a + b n ) 2S=\displaystyle\sum_{0≤k≤n}((a+bk)+(a+bn-bk))=\displaystyle\sum_{0≤k≤n}(2a+bn) 2S=0≤k≤n∑((a+bk)+(a+bn−bk))=0≤k≤n∑(2a+bn)(结合律,将上面两方程相加)
2 S = ( 2 a + b n ) ∑ 0 ≤ k ≤ n 1 = ( 2 a + b n ) ( n + 1 ) 2S=(2a+bn)\displaystyle\sum_{0≤k≤n}1=(2a+bn)(n+1) 2S=(2a+bn)0≤k≤n∑1=(2a+bn)(n+1)(分配律)
S = ( 2 a + b n ) ( n + 1 ) 2 = ( a + 1 2 b n ) ( n + 1 ) S=\frac{(2a+bn)(n+1)}{2}=(a+\frac{1}{2}bn)(n+1) S=2(2a+bn)(n+1)=(a+21bn)(n+1)(整理)