MIT18_065S18P-lecture one notes

Lecture One Notes

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student name: ZhouZhuoFei

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more information can see, if you want to interactive with figure

we take a matrix A here:

$$A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}2& 1& 3\\ 3& 1& 4\\ 5& 7& 12\end{array}\right]$$

Calculate $Ax$, there are two ways to do:

1. dot products of $rows\cdot x$(low levels)
2. use columns to times x

for example:

use dot products:

$$Ax=\left[\begin{array}{c}2x_1+x_2+3x_3\\ 3x_1+x_2+4_{x}3\\ 5x_1+7x_2+12x_3\end{array}\right]$$

use cols:

$$Ax=x_1\left[\begin{array}{c}2\\ 3\\ 5\end{array}\right]+x_2\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\\ 7\end{array}\right]+x_3\left[\begin{array}{c}3\\ 4\\ 12\end{array}\right]$$

All Ax gives us cloumn space = C(A).

we find the column one add column two equal to column three. Rank(A) = 2, so C(A) = plane.

using PlotlyJS, DataFrames, RDatasets, Colors, Distributions, LinearAlgebra

function rand_point_3d(rw)
    trace = scatter3d(;x=rw[1,:],y=rw[2,:], z=rw[3,:], mode="markers",
                        marker=attr(color="#1f77b4", size=1, symbol="circle",
                                    line=attr(color="rgb(0,0,0)", width=0)),
                        line=attr(color="#1f77b4", width=1))
    cluster = mesh3d(;opacity=0.3, x=rw[1,:], y=rw[2,:], z=rw[3,:])
    layout = Layout(autosize=false, width=950, height=600,
                    margin=attr(l=0, r=0, b=0, t=65))
    plot([trace, cluster], layout)
end;
    

rand_point_3d(randn(3,10000))

if we define x is $(x_1,x_2,x_3)$ where x is a random number. then we plot the 3D scatter like that.

So after we do a calculate $Ax$, the figure will like that:

x = randn(3, 10000)
A = [[2, 3, 5] [1, 1, 7] [3, 4, 12]]
B = [[1,1,1] [3,3,3] [8,8,8]]
res = A*x
rand_point_3d(res)

As you see, $Ax$ make the points to form a plane.

so let’s choose other matrix to show the plane.

$$B=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 3& 8\\ 1& 3& 8\\ 1& 3& 8\end{array}\right]$$

if we do $Bx$.

res1 = B*x
rand_point_3d(res1)

we find the B can be write:

$$B=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 3& 8\\ 1& 3& 8\\ 1& 3& 8\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\\ 1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 3& 8\end{array}\right]=u{v}^T$$

$Rank(B)=1$

the Column space of B is a line. any x to do $Bx$ will get a point in a line, like above.

back to look a $A$:

$$A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}2& 1& 3\\ 3& 1& 4\\ 5& 7& 12\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}2& 1\\ 3& 1\\ 5& 7\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 1\end{array}\right]=u{v}^T$$

Column space of $A$ = $C(A)$

The basic of $C(A)$ is :

$$u=\left[\begin{array}{cc}2& 1\\ 3& 1\\ 5& 7\end{array}\right]$$

row space of A = $C(A^T)$, the basic is:
$$v=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 1\end{array}\right]$$

A matrix $A$ can be write as $A=CR$

$Ax$ in column spcae, where $x$ in $rand(m,1)$, also $ABCx$ in column spcae.($ABCx=A(BCx)$)

If $A,B$ are matrixs. calculate $A\cdot B$ :

1. dot product
2. $col\cdot row$

For 2: $AB=\sum co{l}_{k}ro{w}_k$, for $co{l}_k$ in $A$, $ro{w}_k$ in $B$

Problems for Lecture 1 (from textbook Section I.1)

1. Give an example where a combination of three nonzero vectors in $R^4$ is the zero vector. Then write your example in the form $Ax=0$, what are the shapes of $A$ and $x$ and $0$

A1 = [[-1, -1, 2, -2] [-1, 2, 1, 1] [2, -1, -3, 1] [0, 0, 0, 0]]
A1*[1,1,1,0]

2. Suppose $A$ is the 3 by 3 matrix ones(3, 3) of all ones. Find two independent vectors $x$ and $y$ that solve $Ax=0$ and $Ay=0$. Write that first equation $Ax=0$ (with numbers) as a combination of the columns of $A$. Why don’t I ask for a third independent vector with $Az=0$

A4 = ones(3,3)
x = [0,1,-1]
y = [0,-1,1]
rank(A4)