数据压缩 实验四 DPCM压缩系统的实现和分析

实验原理

DCPM编码原理
DPCM是差分预测编码调制的缩写,是比较典型的预测编码系统。DCPM编码是对模拟信号幅度抽样的差值进行量化编码的调制方式,这种方式是用已经过去的抽样值来预测当前的抽样值,对它们的差值进行编码。在DPCM系统中,需要注意的是预测器的输入是已经解码以后的样本。之所以不用原始样本来做预测,是因为在解码端无法得到原始样本,只能得到存在误差的样本。因此,在DPCM编码器中实际内嵌了一个解码器,下面分别是编码器系统框图和解码器系统框图,可以看出,虚线框中框出的即为编码器中内嵌的解码器。
这里写图片描述
DPCM是差分预测编码调制的缩写,是比较典型的预测编码系统。在DPCM系统中,需要注意的是预测器的输入是已经解码以后的样本。之所以不用原始样本来做预测,是因为在解码端无法得到原始样本,只能得到存在误差的样本。因此,在DPCM编码器中实际内嵌了一个解码器,如编码器虚线框中所示。

在一个DPCM系统中,有两个因素需要设计:预测器和量化器。理想情况下,预测器和量化器应进行联合优化。实际中,采用一种次优的设计方法:分别进行线性预测器和量化器的优化设计。

在本次实验中,我们采用固定预测器和均匀量化器。预测器采用左侧、上方预测均可。量化器采用8bit均匀量化。本实验的目标是验证DPCM编码的编码效率。首先读取一个256级的灰度图像,采用自己设定的预测方法计算预测误差,并对预测误差进行8比特均匀量化(基本要求)。还可以对预测误差进行1比特、2比特和4比特的量化设计。

本实验我采用的是左侧预测,8比特均匀量化。
实验流程框图:
这里写图片描述

代码分析

main.cpp

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<malloc.h>
#include<Windows.h>
#include<math.h>
#include"DPCM.h"
#define u_int8_t    unsigned __int8
#define u_int       unsigned __int32
#define u_int32_t   unsigned __int32

BITMAPFILEHEADER File_header;
BITMAPINFOHEADER Info_header;

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{   
    bool flip = FALSE;                  //BMP图像倒序存储数据 需要翻转

    char* bmpFileName = NULL;           //输入
    char* yuvFileName = NULL;           //输出
    char* deviationFileName = NULL;     //误差
    char* rebuildFileName = NULL;       //重建
    FILE* bmpFile = NULL;
    FILE* yuvFile = NULL;
    FILE* deviationFile = NULL;
    FILE* rebuildFile = NULL;

    u_int8_t* rgbBuf = NULL;
    u_int8_t* yBuf = NULL;
    u_int8_t* uBuf = NULL;
    u_int8_t* vBuf = NULL;
    u_int8_t* deviationBuf = NULL;
    u_int8_t* rebuildBuf = NULL;

    u_int frameWidth, frameHeight;      //宽高
    int i = 0, j = 0;

    bmpFileName = argv[1];              //输入
    yuvFileName = argv[2];              //输出
    deviationFileName = argv[3];        //误差
    rebuildFileName = argv[4];          //重建

    /read files/
    bmpFile = fopen(bmpFileName, "rb");
    if (bmpFile == NULL)
    {
        printf("cannot find bmp file\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    else
    {
        printf("The input bmp file is %s\n", bmpFileName);
    }

    yuvFile = fopen(yuvFileName, "wb");
    if (yuvFile == NULL)
    {
        printf("cannot find yuv file\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    else
    {
        printf("The output yuv file is %s\n", yuvFileName);
    }

    deviationFile = fopen(deviationFileName, "wb");
    if (deviationFile == NULL)
    {
        printf("cannot find deviation file\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    else
    {
        printf("The output deviation file is %s\n", deviationFileName);
    }

    rebuildFile = fopen(rebuildFileName, "wb");
    if (rebuildFile == NULL)
    {
        printf("cannot find rebuild file\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    else
    {
        printf("The output rebuild file is %s\n", rebuildFileName);
    }
    printf("\n");
    /read BMP fileheader & infoheader/
    if (fread(&File_header, sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER), 1, bmpFile) != 1)
    {
        printf("read file header error!");
        exit(0);
    }
    if (File_header.bfType != 0x4D42)
    {
        printf("Not bmp file!");
        exit(0);
    }
    else
    {
        printf("this is a bmp file.\n");
    }
    if (fread(&Info_header, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER), 1, bmpFile) != 1)
    {
        printf("read info header error!");
        exit(0);
    }
    printf("bitcount==%d\n", (unsigned char)Info_header.biBitCount);
    /end read header/

    frameWidth = Info_header.biWidth;               //宽高赋值
    frameHeight = Info_header.biHeight;

    /开缓存区/
    rgbBuf = (u_int8_t *)malloc(sizeof(u_int8_t)*frameHeight*frameWidth * 3);
    memset(rgbBuf, 0, frameHeight*frameWidth * 3);
    yBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(sizeof(u_int8_t)*frameHeight*frameWidth);
    uBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(sizeof(u_int8_t)*frameHeight*frameWidth / 4);
    vBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(sizeof(u_int8_t)*frameHeight*frameWidth / 4);
    deviationBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(sizeof(u_int8_t)*frameHeight*frameWidth);
    rebuildBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(sizeof(u_int8_t)*frameHeight*frameWidth);

    ReadRGB(rgbBuf, bmpFile, File_header, Info_header);
    if (RGB2YUV(frameWidth, frameHeight, rgbBuf, yBuf, uBuf, vBuf, flip))
    {
        printf("Color transferring failed");
        return 0;
    }

    printf("framewidth==%d,frameheight==%d.\n", frameWidth, frameHeight);       //输出图像宽高

    DO_DPCM(yBuf, deviationBuf, rebuildBuf,frameWidth,frameHeight);                 //进行DPCM编码

    fwrite(yBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, yuvFile);                         //写输出文件
    fwrite(deviationBuf, 1, frameHeight*frameWidth, deviationFile);
    fwrite(rebuildBuf, 1, frameHeight*frameWidth, rebuildFile);

    /关缓存/
    if (rgbBuf != NULL) 
        free(rgbBuf);
    if (yBuf != NULL) 
        free(yBuf);
    if (uBuf != NULL) 
        free(uBuf);
    if (vBuf != NULL) 
        free(vBuf);
    if (deviationBuf != NULL) 
        free(deviationBuf);
    if (rebuildBuf != NULL) 
        free(rebuildBuf);
    /关文件/
    if (bmpFile != NULL) 
        fclose(bmpFile);
    if (yuvFile != NULL) 
        fclose(yuvFile);
    if(deviationFile != NULL) 
        fclose(deviationFile);
    if(rebuildFile != NULL) 
        fclose(rebuildFile);

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

DPCM.cpp

#include<Windows.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include"DPCM.h"
static float RGBYUV02990[256], RGBYUV05870[256], RGBYUV01140[256];
static float RGBYUV01684[256], RGBYUV03316[256];
static float RGBYUV04187[256], RGBYUV00813[256];

bool MakePalette(FILE * pFile, BITMAPFILEHEADER &file_h, BITMAPINFOHEADER & info_h, RGBQUAD *pRGB_out)
{
    /*若图像开始位置与INFOHEADER结束处位置,还有pow(2, info_h.biBitCount)个
    结构体RGBQUAQ的空间(颜色数为2的biBitCount次方,调色板为数组),则说明
    该bmp图像有调色板。*/
    if ((file_h.bfOffBits - sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) - info_h.biSize) == sizeof(RGBQUAD)*pow(2.0, info_h.biBitCount))
    {
        fseek(pFile, sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + info_h.biSize, 0);
        fread(pRGB_out, sizeof(RGBQUAD), (unsigned int)pow(2.0, info_h.biBitCount), pFile);
        return true;
    }
    else
        return false;
}

void ReadRGB(unsigned char * rgbbuf, FILE *bmpfile, BITMAPFILEHEADER &file_h, BITMAPINFOHEADER & info_h)
{
    u_int Width = 0, Height = 0;
    long Loop = 0;
    unsigned char *bmpbuf = NULL;
    unsigned char *rgb = NULL;
    unsigned char mask = 0;
    int deltaw = 0;
    rgb = rgbbuf;

    if (((info_h.biWidth  * info_h.biBitCount / 8) % 4) == 0)
        Width = info_h.biWidth*info_h.biBitCount / 8;
    else
        Width = (info_h.biWidth  * info_h.biBitCount + 31) / 32 * 4;

    if ((info_h.biHeight % 2) == 0)
        Height = info_h.biHeight;
    else
        Height = info_h.biHeight + 1;

    deltaw = Width - info_h.biWidth * info_h.biBitCount / 8;
    bmpbuf = (unsigned char *)malloc(sizeof(unsigned char)*Height*Width);
    printf("word_width :%d , word_height: %d \n", Width, Height);
    RGBQUAD *pRGB = (RGBQUAD *)malloc(sizeof(RGBQUAD) * (unsigned int)pow(2.0, (double)info_h.biBitCount));

    if (!MakePalette(bmpfile, file_h, info_h, pRGB))
    {
        printf("No palette!\n");                        //没有调色板
    }

    fread(bmpbuf, 1, Height*Width, bmpfile);
    if (info_h.biBitCount == 24)                        //24位bmp
    {
        for (Loop = 0; Loop<Height*Width; Loop++)
        {
            if (deltaw != 0)
            {
                if (deltaw == 1)
                {
                    if ((Loop + 1) % Width == 0)
                        continue;
                }
                else if (deltaw == 2)
                {
                    if ((Loop + 1) % Width == 0 || (Loop + 2) % Width == 0)
                        continue;
                }
                else
                {
                    if ((Loop + 1) % Width == 0 || (Loop + 2) % Width == 0 || (Loop + 3) % Width == 0)
                        continue;
                }
            }
            *rgb = *(bmpbuf + Loop);
            rgb++;
        }
    }
    else if (info_h.biBitCount == 16)                   //16位bmp
    {
        for (Loop = 0; Loop < Height * Width; Loop += 2)
        {
            *rgb = (bmpbuf[Loop] & 0x1F) << 3;
            *(rgb + 1) = ((bmpbuf[Loop] & 0xE0) >> 2) + ((bmpbuf[Loop + 1] & 0x03) << 6);
            *(rgb + 2) = (bmpbuf[Loop + 1] & 0x7C) << 1;
            rgb += 3;
        }
    }
    else if (info_h.biBitCount == 32)                   //32位bmp
    {
        for (Loop = 0; Loop < info_h.biWidth*info_h.biHeight; Loop++)
        {
            *(rgb + 3 * Loop) = *(bmpbuf + 4 * Loop);
            *(rgb + 3 * Loop + 1) = *(bmpbuf + 4 * Loop + 1);
            *(rgb + 3 * Loop + 2) = *(bmpbuf + 4 * Loop + 2);
        }
    }
    else                                                //其他位bmp
    {
        for (Loop = 0; Loop < Height*Width; Loop++)
        {
            if (deltaw != 0)
            {
                if (deltaw == 1)
                {
                    if ((Loop + 1) % Width == 0)
                        continue;
                }
                else if (deltaw == 2)
                {
                    if ((Loop + 1) % Width == 0 || (Loop + 2) % Width == 0)
                        continue;
                }
                else
                {
                    if ((Loop + 1) % Width == 0 || (Loop + 2) % Width == 0 || (Loop + 3) % Width == 0)
                        continue;
                }
            }
            switch (info_h.biBitCount)                  //蒙版
            {
            case 1:
                mask = 0x80;                            //10000000
                break;
            case 2:
                mask = 0xC0;                            //11000000
                break;
            case 4:
                mask = 0xF0;                            //11110000
                break;
            case 8:
                mask = 0xFF;                            //11111111
                break;
            }
            int shiftCnt = 1;
            while (mask)
            {
                /*根据从数据中提取出的索引号index,以index为调色板数组下标去查询
                数据中每info_h.biBitCount位所代表的颜色。
                while 循环的次数:
                1bit 图像 每字节循环8次
                2bit 图像 每字节循环4次
                4bit 图像 每字节循环2次
                8bit 图像 每字节循环1次。
                */
                unsigned char index =
                    mask == 0xFF ? bmpbuf[Loop] : ((bmpbuf[Loop] & mask) >> (8 - shiftCnt *info_h.biBitCount));
                *rgb = pRGB[index].rgbBlue;
                *(rgb + 1) = pRGB[index].rgbGreen;
                *(rgb + 2) = pRGB[index].rgbRed;
                if (info_h.biBitCount == 8) mask = 0;
                else    mask >>= info_h.biBitCount;
                rgb += 3;
                shiftCnt++;
            }
        }
    }
    if (pRGB != NULL) 
        free(pRGB);
    if (bmpbuf != NULL)
        free(bmpbuf);
}

int RGB2YUV(int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip)
{
    static int init_done = 0;

    long i, j, size;
    float yf, uf, vf;
    unsigned char *r, *g, *b;
    unsigned char *y, *u, *v;
    unsigned char *pu1, *pu2, *pv1, *pv2, *psu, *psv;
    unsigned char *y_buffer, *u_buffer, *v_buffer;
    unsigned char *sub_u_buf, *sub_v_buf;

    if (init_done == 0)
    {
        InitLookupTable();
        init_done = 1;
    }

    if ((x_dim % 2) || (y_dim % 2)) return 1;
    size = x_dim * y_dim;

    y_buffer = (unsigned char *)y_out;
    sub_u_buf = (unsigned char *)u_out;
    sub_v_buf = (unsigned char *)v_out;
    u_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
    v_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
    if (!(u_buffer && v_buffer))
    {
        if (u_buffer) free(u_buffer);
        if (v_buffer) free(v_buffer);
        return 2;
    }

    b = (unsigned char *)bmp;
    y = y_buffer;
    u = u_buffer;
    v = v_buffer;

    /RGB to YUV/
    if (!flip) 
    {
        for (j = 0; j < y_dim; j++)
        {
            y = y_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
            u = u_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
            v = v_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;

            for (i = 0; i < x_dim; i++) {
                g = b + 1;
                r = b + 2;
                yf = (RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
                uf = (-RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b) / 2 + 128);
                vf = ((*r) / 2 - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
                *y = (unsigned char)(yf>16 ? (yf>235 ? 235 : (unsigned char)yf) : 16);
                *u = (unsigned char)(uf>16 ? (uf>240 ? 240 : (unsigned char)uf) : 16);
                *v = (unsigned char)(vf>16 ? (vf>240 ? 240 : (unsigned char)vf) : 16);
                b += 3;
                y++;
                u++;
                v++;
            }
        }
    }
    else 
    {
        for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
        {
            g = b + 1;
            r = b + 2;
            *y = (unsigned char)(RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
            *u = (unsigned char)(-RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b) / 2 + 128);
            *v = (unsigned char)((*r) / 2 - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
            b += 3;
            y++;
            u++;
            v++;
        }
    }

    for (j = 0; j < y_dim / 2; j++)
    {
        psu = sub_u_buf + j * x_dim / 2;
        psv = sub_v_buf + j * x_dim / 2;
        pu1 = u_buffer + 2 * j * x_dim;
        pu2 = u_buffer + (2 * j + 1) * x_dim;
        pv1 = v_buffer + 2 * j * x_dim;
        pv2 = v_buffer + (2 * j + 1) * x_dim;
        for (i = 0; i < x_dim / 2; i++)
        {
            *psu = (*pu1 + *(pu1 + 1) + *pu2 + *(pu2 + 1)) / 4;
            *psv = (*pv1 + *(pv1 + 1) + *pv2 + *(pv2 + 1)) / 4;
            psu++;
            psv++;
            pu1 += 2;
            pu2 += 2;
            pv1 += 2;
            pv2 += 2;
        }
    }

    free(u_buffer);
    free(v_buffer);

    return 0;
}

void InitLookupTable()
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV02990[i] = (float)0.2990 * i;
    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV05870[i] = (float)0.5870 * i;
    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV01140[i] = (float)0.1140 * i;
    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV01684[i] = (float)0.1684 * i;
    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV03316[i] = (float)0.3316 * i;
    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV04187[i] = (float)0.4187 * i;
    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV00813[i] = (float)0.0813 * i;
}

void DO_DPCM(void * yBuf, void * deviationBuf, void *rebuildBuf, unsigned int width, unsigned int height)
{
    unsigned char *ybuffer = NULL;
    unsigned char *deviationbuffer = NULL;
    unsigned char *rebuildbuffer = NULL;
    int deviation = 0;
    int i = 0, j = 0;

    ybuffer = (unsigned char *)yBuf;                    //原始图像缓冲区
    deviationbuffer = (unsigned char *)deviationBuf;    //误差图像缓冲区
    rebuildbuffer = (unsigned char *)rebuildBuf;        //重建图像缓冲区

    for (i = 0; i < height; i++)
    {
        for (j = 0; j < width; j++)
        {
            /*256级的灰度图像,预测值范围为[-255,255],
            8bit量化则除以2,将预测值范围变为[-127,127],
            再加128后可转到正常灰度显示
            */
            if (j == 0)                 //对第一个像素进行误差预测
            {
                deviation = (*ybuffer - 128)/2+128;                             //量化后的预测误差
                *deviationbuffer = (unsigned char)deviation;

                deviation = (*deviationbuffer - 128)*2+128;                     //反量化后的预测误差
                *rebuildbuffer = (unsigned char)deviation;

                ybuffer++;
                deviationbuffer++;
                rebuildbuffer++;
            }
            else                        //对其余像素进行误差预测
            {
                deviation = (*ybuffer - *(rebuildbuffer-1))/2+128;              //量化后的预测误差
                *deviationbuffer = (unsigned char)deviation;

                deviation = (*deviationbuffer - 128)*2 + *(rebuildbuffer - 1);  //反量化后的预测误差
                *rebuildbuffer = (unsigned char)deviation;

                ybuffer++;
                deviationbuffer++;
                rebuildbuffer++;
            }
        }
    }
}

实验结果与分析

原始图像预测量化图像重建图像原图像概率分布预测误差图像概率分布
这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述
这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述
这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述这里写图片描述

压缩性能比较:

文件名称源文件大小(KB)huffman变换(KB)压缩比DPCM+huffman变换(KB)压缩比
birds.bmp3843041.261482.59
lena.bmp64531.20371.73
odie.bmp64106.4097.11

由于量化误差是由[-127,127]上移128得到的,所以所得的误差数据会集中分布在128处。

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