变易算法

1.copy

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator copy (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result)
{
  while (first!=last) {
    *result = *first;
    ++result; ++first;
  }
  return result;
}

1.将输入区间[first, last)内的元素复制到输出区间[result, result+(last-first))内，也就是说，它会执行赋值操作*result=*first，*(result+1)=*(first+1)，...依次类推。返回一个迭代器result+(last-first)。

2.copy可以实现将容器的对象向左移动。（区间重叠可能出现覆盖的危险）

copy(vec.begin()+2, vec.end(), vec.begin());

3.copy不能直接用来将元素插入空容器。如果想要将容器插入（而非赋值）序列之内，要么明白使用序列容器的insert成员函数，要么使用copy算法并搭配insert_iterator（copy(vec.begin(),vec.end(),insert_iterator());）。insert_iterator简介如下：http://blog.csdn.net/ingnight/article/details/72897033

// copy algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::copy
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  int myints[]={10,20,30,40,50,60,70};
  std::vector<int> myvector (7);

  std::copy ( myints, myints+7, myvector.begin() );

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it = myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;

  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

2.copy_n

template<class InputIterator, class Size, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator copy_n (InputIterator first, Size n, OutputIterator result)
{
  while (n>0) {
    *result = *first;
    ++result; ++first;
    --n;
  }
  return result;
}

将对象从[first,first+n)拷贝至[result,result+n)

// copy_n algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::copy
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  int myints[]={10,20,30,40,50,60,70};
  std::vector<int> myvector;

  myvector.resize(7);   // allocate space for 7 elements

  std::copy_n ( myints, 7, myvector.begin() );

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it = myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;

  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

3.copy_backward

template<class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
  BidirectionalIterator2 copy_backward ( BidirectionalIterator1 first,
                                         BidirectionalIterator1 last,
                                         BidirectionalIterator2 result )
{
  while (last!=first) *(--result) = *(--last);
  return result;
}

1.将[first,last)区间内的每一个元素，以逆行的方向复制到以result-1位起点，方向亦为逆行。换句话说，copy_backward算法会执行赋值操作*(result-1)=*(last-1),*(result-2)=*(last-2),...依次类推。返回一个迭代器result-(last-first)。copy_backward接受的迭代器必须是BidirectionalIterators。

2.copy_backward可实现将容器中的对象右移。（区间重叠可能出现覆盖的危险）

copy_backward(vec.begin(), vec.end()-2, vec.end());

// copy_backward example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::copy_backward
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
    myvector.push_back(i*10);          // myvector: 10 20 30 40 50

  myvector.resize(myvector.size()+3);  // allocate space for 3 more elements

  std::copy_backward ( myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end() );

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

4.copy_if

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
  OutputIterator copy_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                          OutputIterator result, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
  while (first!=last) {
    if (pred(*first)) {
      *result = *first;
      ++result;
    }
    ++first;
  }
  return result;
}

对于it属于[first,last)，将满足pred(*it)==true的对象将从[first,last)拷贝至[result,result+(last-first))。

// copy_if example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::copy_if, std::distance
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  std::vector<int> foo = {25,15,5,-5,-15};
  std::vector<int> bar (foo.size());

  // copy only positive numbers:
  auto it = std::copy_if (foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), [](int i){return !(i<0);} );
  bar.resize(std::distance(bar.begin(),it));  // shrink container to new size

  std::cout << "bar contains:";
  for (int& x: bar) std::cout << ' ' << x;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

5.swap

c++11

template <class T> void swap (T& a, T& b)
{
  T c(std::move(a)); a=std::move(b); b=std::move(c);
}
template <class T, size_t N> void swap (T &a[N], T &b[N])
{
  for (size_t i = 0; i<N; ++i) swap (a[i],b[i]);
}

交换对象a和b

// swap algorithm example (C++11)
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <utility>      // std::swap

int main () {

  int x=10, y=20;                  // x:10 y:20
  std::swap(x,y);                  // x:20 y:10

  int foo[4];                      // foo: ?  ?  ?  ?
  int bar[] = {10,20,30,40};       // foo: ?  ?  ?  ?    bar: 10 20 30 40
  std::swap(foo,bar);              // foo: 10 20 30 40   bar: ?  ?  ?  ?

  std::cout << "foo contains:";
  for (int i: foo) std::cout << ' ' << i;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

6.swap_ranges

template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
  ForwardIterator2 swap_ranges (ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
                                ForwardIterator2 first2)
{
  while (first1!=last1) {
    swap (*first1, *first2);
    ++first1; ++first2;
  }
  return first2;
}

将[first1,last1)区间内的元素与“从first2开始，个数相同”的元素互相交换

// swap_ranges example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::swap_ranges
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  std::vector<int> foo (5,10);        // foo: 10 10 10 10 10
  std::vector<int> bar (5,33);        // bar: 33 33 33 33 33

  std::swap_ranges(foo.begin()+1, foo.end()-1, bar.begin());

  // print out results of swap:
  std::cout << "foo contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=foo.begin(); it!=foo.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "bar contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

7.transform

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperator>
  OutputIterator transform (InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,
                            OutputIterator result, UnaryOperator op)
{
  while (first1 != last1) {
    *result = op(*first1);  // or: *result=binary_op(*first1,*first2++);
    ++result; ++first1;
  }
  return result;
}

1.第一个版本以仿函数op作用于[first,last)中的每一个元素身上，并以结果产生出一个新序列，

2.第二个版本以仿函数binary_op作用于一双元素身上，并以结果产生出一个新序列。（如果第二序列的元素少于第一序列，执行结果未可预期。）

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
          class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
  OutputIterator transform (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                            InputIterator2 first2, OutputIterator result,
                            BinaryOperation binary_op);

3.result也可以指向源端容器，那么transform()的运算结果就会取代容器内的元素。

// transform algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::transform
#include <vector>       // std::vector
#include <functional>   // std::plus

int op_increase (int i) { return ++i; }

int main () {
  std::vector<int> foo;
  std::vector<int> bar;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<6; i++)
    foo.push_back (i*10);                         // foo: 10 20 30 40 50

  bar.resize(foo.size());                         // allocate space

  std::transform (foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), op_increase);
                                                  // bar: 11 21 31 41 51

  // std::plus adds together its two arguments:
  std::transform (foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), foo.begin(), std::plus<int>());
                                                  // foo: 21 41 61 81 101

  std::cout << "foo contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=foo.begin(); it!=foo.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

8.replace

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  void replace (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                const T& old_value, const T& new_value)
{
  while (first!=last) {
    if (*first == old_value) *first=new_value;
    ++first;
  }
}

将[first,last)区间内的所有old_value都以new_value取代

// replace algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::replace
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  int myints[] = { 10, 20, 30, 30, 20, 10, 10, 20 };
  std::vector<int> myvector (myints, myints+8);            // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20

  std::replace (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20, 99); // 10 99 30 30 99 10 10 99

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

9.replace_if

template < class ForwardIterator, class UnaryPredicate, class T >
  void replace_if (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                   UnaryPredicate pred, const T& new_value)
{
  while (first!=last) {
    if (pred(*first)) *first=new_value;
    ++first;
  }
}

将[first,last)区间内的所有“被pred评估为true”的元素，都以new_value取而代之

// replace_if example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::replace_if
#include <vector>       // std::vector

bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }

int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; i++) myvector.push_back(i);               // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  std::replace_if (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd, 0); // 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

10.replace_copy

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
  OutputIterator replace_copy (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                               OutputIterator result, const T& old_value, const T& new_value)
{
  while (first!=last) {
    *result = (*first==old_value)? new_value: *first;
    ++first; ++result;
  }
  return result;
}

与replace()类似，唯一不同的是新序列会被复制到result所指的容器中

// replace_copy example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::replace_copy
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  int myints[] = { 10, 20, 30, 30, 20, 10, 10, 20 };

  std::vector<int> myvector (8);
  std::replace_copy (myints, myints+8, myvector.begin(), 20, 99);

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

11.replace_copy_if

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryPredicate, class T>
  OutputIterator replace_copy_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                                  OutputIterator result, UnaryPredicate pred,
                                  const T& new_value)
{
  while (first!=last) {
    *result = (pred(*first))? new_value: *first;
    ++first; ++result;
  }
  return result;
}

与replac_if()类似，但是新序列会被复制到result所指区间内

// replace_copy_if example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::replace_copy_if
#include <vector>       // std::vector

bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }

int main () {
  std::vector<int> foo,bar;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; i++) foo.push_back(i);          // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  bar.resize(foo.size());   // allocate space
  std::replace_copy_if (foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), IsOdd, 0);
                                                        // 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

  std::cout << "bar contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

12.fill

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  void fill (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val)
{
  while (first != last) {
    *first = val;
    ++first;
  }
}

将val赋值给[first,last)中的每个元素

// fill algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::fill
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector (8);                       // myvector: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  std::fill (myvector.begin(),myvector.begin()+4,5);   // myvector: 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0
  std::fill (myvector.begin()+3,myvector.end()-2,8);   // myvector: 5 5 5 8 8 8 0 0

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

13.generate

template <class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
  void generate ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Generator gen )
{
  while (first != last) {
    *first = gen();
    ++first;
  }
}

将调用gen()的结果赋值给[first,last)中的每个元素

// generate algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::generate
#include <vector>       // std::vector
#include <ctime>        // std::time
#include <cstdlib>      // std::rand, std::srand

// function generator:
int RandomNumber () { return (std::rand()%100); }

// class generator:
struct c_unique {
  int current;
  c_unique() {current=0;}
  int operator()() {return ++current;}
} UniqueNumber;

int main () {
  std::srand ( unsigned ( std::time(0) ) );

  std::vector<int> myvector (8);

  std::generate (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), RandomNumber);

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::generate (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), UniqueNumber);

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';
 
  return 0;
}

14.remove

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  ForwardIterator remove (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val)
{
  ForwardIterator result = first;
  while (first!=last) {
    if (!(*first == val)) {
      *result = *first;
      ++result;
    }
    ++first;
  }
  return result;
}

1.移除[first,last)之中所有与value相等的元素。这一算法并不是真正从容器中删除那些元素（容器大小并未改变），而是将每一个不与value相等的元素轮番给first之后的空间。

2.如果要删除残余数据，可将返回的迭代器交给区间所在之容器的erase() member function。

3.array不适用remove()和remove_if()，因为array无法缩小尺寸，导致残余数据永远存在。对array而言，较受欢迎的算法是remove_copy()和remove_copy_if()。

// remove algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::remove

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};      // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20

  // bounds of range:
  int* pbegin = myints;                          // ^
  int* pend = myints+sizeof(myints)/sizeof(int); // ^                       ^

  pend = std::remove (pbegin, pend, 20);         // 10 30 30 10 10 ?  ?  ?
                                                 // ^              ^
  std::cout << "range contains:";
  for (int* p=pbegin; p!=pend; ++p)
    std::cout << ' ' << *p;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

15.remove_if

template <class ForwardIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
  ForwardIterator remove_if (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                             UnaryPredicate pred)
{
  ForwardIterator result = first;
  while (first!=last) {
    if (!pred(*first)) {
      *result = *first;
      ++result;
    }
    ++first;
  }
  return result;
}

// remove_if example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::remove_if

bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }

int main () {
  int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};            // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  // bounds of range:
  int* pbegin = myints;                          // ^
  int* pend = myints+sizeof(myints)/sizeof(int); // ^                 ^

  pend = std::remove_if (pbegin, pend, IsOdd);   // 2 4 6 8 ? ? ? ? ?
                                                 // ^       ^
  std::cout << "the range contains:";
  for (int* p=pbegin; p!=pend; ++p)
    std::cout << ' ' << *p;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

16.remove_copy

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
  OutputIterator remove_copy (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                              OutputIterator result, const T& val)
{
  while (first!=last) {
    if (!(*first == val)) {
      *result = *first;
      ++result;
    }
    ++first;
  }
  return result;
}

它并不是从容器中删除那些元素，而是将结果复制到一个以result标示起始位置的容器身上。

// remove_copy example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::remove_copy
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};               // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20
  std::vector<int> myvector (8);

  std::remove_copy (myints,myints+8,myvector.begin(),20); // 10 30 30 10 10 0 0 0

  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

17.unique

template <class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator unique (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
{
  if (first==last) return last;

  ForwardIterator result = first;
  while (++first != last)
  {
    if (!(*result == *first))  // or: if (!pred(*result,*first)) for version (2)
      *(++result)=*first;
  }
  return ++result;
}

1.unique只移除相邻的重复元素，如果你想移除右（包括不相邻的）重复元素，必须先将序列排序，使所有重复元素相邻。

2.unique回返回一个迭代器指向新区间的尾端，新区间内不含相邻的重复元素。

// unique algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::unique, std::distance
#include <vector>       // std::vector

bool myfunction (int i, int j) {
  return (i==j);
}

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,20,20,30,30,20,20,10};           // 10 20 20 20 30 30 20 20 10
  std::vector<int> myvector (myints,myints+9);

  // using default comparison:
  std::vector<int>::iterator it;
  it = std::unique (myvector.begin(), myvector.end());   // 10 20 30 20 10 ?  ?  ?  ?
                                                         //                ^

  myvector.resize( std::distance(myvector.begin(),it) ); // 10 20 30 20 10

  // using predicate comparison:
  std::unique (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myfunction);   // (no changes)

  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

18.reverse

template <class BidirectionalIterator>
  void reverse (BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last)
{
  while ((first!=last)&&(first!=--last)) {
    std::iter_swap (first,last);
    ++first;
  }
}

将序列[first,last)的元素在原容器中颠倒重排。

// reverse algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::reverse
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i);   // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  std::reverse(myvector.begin(),myvector.end());    // 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

19.rotate

将[first,middle)内元素和[middle,last)内互换元素。

// rotate algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::rotate
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  std::rotate(myvector.begin(),myvector.begin()+3,myvector.end());
                                                  // 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3
  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

20.random_shuffle

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
  void random_shuffle (RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
                       RandomNumberGenerator& gen)
{
  iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type i, n;
  n = (last-first);
  for (i=n-1; i>0; --i) {
    swap (first[i],first[gen(i+1)]);
  }
}

// random_shuffle example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::random_shuffle
#include <vector>       // std::vector
#include <ctime>        // std::time
#include <cstdlib>      // std::rand, std::srand

// random generator function:
int myrandom (int i) { return std::rand()%i;}

int main () {
  std::srand ( unsigned ( std::time(0) ) );
  std::vector<int> myvector;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  // using built-in random generator:
  std::random_shuffle ( myvector.begin(), myvector.end() );

  // using myrandom:
  std::random_shuffle ( myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myrandom);

  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;

  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

21.partition

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
  BidirectionalIterator partition (BidirectionalIterator first,
                                   BidirectionalIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
  while (first!=last) {
    while (pred(*first)) {
      ++first;
      if (first==last) return first;
    }
    do {
      --last;
      if (first==last) return first;
    } while (!pred(*last));
    swap (*first,*last);
    ++first;
  }
  return first;
}

// partition algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::partition
#include <vector>       // std::vector

bool IsOdd (int i) { return (i%2)==1; }

int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  std::vector<int>::iterator bound;
  bound = std::partition (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd);

  // print out content:
  std::cout << "odd elements:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=bound; ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "even elements:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bound; it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}