二分查找
平衡二叉树
缺点：
树的高度较大
需要找出>5的数需要遍历树，效率低
btree/b-tree
减少树的高度（每一个节点都存储在磁盘中，每次对比后找下一个节点是一次磁盘寻址。树的深度大，磁盘寻址就要多次。）
缺点：
范围查找：需要找出>5的数需要遍历树，效率低
一颗M阶B树， 满足以下条件：(M 是一个节点最大能有M颗子树)
1.每个结点至多拥有M颗子树
2.根结点至少拥有两颗子树
3.除了根结点以外，其余每个分支结点至少拥有M/2颗子树
4.所有的叶结点都在同一层上
5.有k颗子树的分支结点，则存在k-1个关键字，关键字按照递增顺序进行排序；（代码中一般不会要求递增）
6.关键字数量满足ceil(M/2)-1<=n<=M-1
#define DEGREE 3
typedef int KEY_VALUE;
typedef struct _btree_node {
KEY_VALUE *keys;//一维数组
struct _btree_node **childrens;//二维数组
int num;//当前节点存储的数据
int leaf;//是否为叶子节点，是为1，否为0
} btree_node;
typedef struct _btree {
btree_node *root;
int t;
} btree;
btree_node *btree_create_node(int t, int leaf) {
btree_node *node = (btree_node*)calloc(1, sizeof(btree_node));//自带清零(malloc没有)，防止内存不够
if (node == NULL) assert(0);
node->leaf = leaf;
node->keys = (KEY_VALUE*)calloc(1, (2*t-1)*sizeof(KEY_VALUE));
node->childrens = (btree_node**)calloc(1, (2*t) * sizeof(btree_node*));
node->num = 0;
return node;
}
void btree_destroy_node(btree_node *node) {
assert(node);
free(node->childrens);
free(node->keys);
free(node);
}
btree的添加
（M一般为偶数，k=m-1就为奇数，可以将最中间的节点作为key）
先分裂，再添加。
分裂代码：
void btree_split_child(btree *T, btree_node *x, int i) {
int t = T->t;
btree_node *y = x->childrens[i];
btree_node *z = btree_create_node(t, y->leaf);//新建一个z，把后面的几个节点放入到z中
z->num = t - 1;
int j = 0;
for (j = 0;j < t-1;j ++) {
z->keys[j] = y->keys[j+t];//新建一个z，把后面的几个节点放入到z中
}
if (y->leaf == 0) {//不是叶子节点，是内节点
for (j = 0;j < t;j ++) {
z->childrens[j] = y->childrens[j+t];
}
}
//把x提上去，x的子树进行更新
y->num = t - 1;
for (j = x->num;j >= i+1;j --) {
x->childrens[j+1] = x->childrens[j];
}
x->childrens[i+1] = z;
for (j = x->num-1;j >= i;j --) {
x->keys[j+1] = x->keys[j];
}
x->keys[i] = y->keys[t-1];
x->num += 1;
}
//节点为根节点，而且根节点已经满了，做一个空节点在根节点上方在进行分裂
void btree_insert(btree *T, KEY_VALUE key) {
//int t = T->t;
btree_node *r = T->root;
if (r->num == 2 * T->t - 1) {
btree_node *node = btree_create_node(T->t, 0);
T->root = node;
node->childrens[0] = r;
btree_split_child(T, node, 0);
int i = 0;
if (node->keys[0] < key) i++;
btree_insert_nonfull(T, node->childrens[i], key);
} else {
btree_insert_nonfull(T, r, key);
}
}
btree的删除：
先借位或者合并，然后再删除；
向右借位
FI的key数量2，是M/2-1的时候就需要借位。
借位借不到的时候就进行合并。
合并代码：
//{child[idx], key[idx], child[idx+1]}
void btree_merge(btree *T, btree_node *node, int idx) {
btree_node *left = node->childrens[idx];
btree_node *right = node->childrens[idx+1];
int i = 0;
/data merge
left->keys[T->t-1] = node->keys[idx];//把c拷贝到B后面
for (i = 0;i < T->t-1;i ++) {
left->keys[T->t+i] = right->keys[i];
}
if (!left->leaf) {
for (i = 0;i < T->t;i ++) {
left->childrens[T->t+i] = right->childrens[i];
}
}
left->num += T->t;
//destroy right
btree_destroy_node(right);
//node： C没有了FI要前移
for (i = idx+1;i < node->num;i ++) {
node->keys[i-1] = node->keys[i];
node->childrens[i] = node->childrens[i+1];
}
node->childrens[i+1] = NULL;
node->num -= 1;
if (node->num == 0) {
T->root = left;
btree_destroy_node(node);
}
}
完整代码：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#define DEGREE 3
typedef int KEY_VALUE;
typedef struct _btree_node {
KEY_VALUE *keys;
struct _btree_node **childrens;
int num;
int leaf;
} btree_node;
typedef struct _btree {
btree_node *root;
int t;
} btree;
btree_node *btree_create_node(int t, int leaf) {
btree_node *node = (btree_node*)calloc(1, sizeof(btree_node));//自带清零，防止内存不够
if (node == NULL) assert(0);
node->leaf = leaf;
node->keys = (KEY_VALUE*)calloc(1, (2*t-1)*sizeof(KEY_VALUE));//自带清零，防止内存不够
node->childrens = (btree_node**)calloc(1, (2*t) * sizeof(btree_node*));
node->num = 0;
return node;
}
void btree_destroy_node(btree_node *node) {
assert(node);
free(node->childrens);
free(node->keys);
free(node);
}
void btree_create(btree *T, int t) {
T->t = t;
btree_node *x = btree_create_node(t, 1);
T->root = x;
}
void btree_split_child(btree *T, btree_node *x, int i) {
int t = T->t;
btree_node *y = x->childrens[i];
btree_node *z = btree_create_node(t, y->leaf);
z->num = t - 1;
int j = 0;
for (j = 0;j < t-1;j ++) {
z->keys[j] = y->keys[j+t];
}
if (y->leaf == 0) {
for (j = 0;j < t;j ++) {
z->childrens[j] = y->childrens[j+t];
}
}
y->num = t - 1;
for (j = x->num;j >= i+1;j --) {
x->childrens[j+1] = x->childrens[j];
}
x->childrens[i+1] = z;
for (j = x->num-1;j >= i;j --) {
x->keys[j+1] = x->keys[j];
}
x->keys[i] = y->keys[t-1];
x->num += 1;
}
void btree_insert_nonfull(btree *T, btree_node *x, KEY_VALUE k) {
int i = x->num - 1;
if (x->leaf == 1) {
while (i >= 0 && x->keys[i] > k) {
x->keys[i+1] = x->keys[i];
i --;
}
x->keys[i+1] = k;
x->num += 1;
} else {
while (i >= 0 && x->keys[i] > k) i --;
if (x->childrens[i+1]->num == (2*(T->t))-1) {
btree_split_child(T, x, i+1);
if (k > x->keys[i+1]) i++;
}
btree_insert_nonfull(T, x->childrens[i+1], k);
}
}
//节点为根节点，而且根节点已经满了，做一个空节点在根节点上方在进行分裂
void btree_insert(btree *T, KEY_VALUE key) {
//int t = T->t;
btree_node *r = T->root;
if (r->num == 2 * T->t - 1) {
btree_node *node = btree_create_node(T->t, 0);
T->root = node;
node->childrens[0] = r;
btree_split_child(T, node, 0);
int i = 0;
if (node->keys[0] < key) i++;
btree_insert_nonfull(T, node->childrens[i], key);
} else {
btree_insert_nonfull(T, r, key);
}
}
void btree_traverse(btree_node *x) {
int i = 0;
for (i = 0;i < x->num;i ++) {
if (x->leaf == 0)
btree_traverse(x->childrens[i]);
printf("%C ", x->keys[i]);
}
if (x->leaf == 0) btree_traverse(x->childrens[i]);
}
void btree_print(btree *T, btree_node *node, int layer)
{
btree_node* p = node;
int i;
if(p){
printf("\nlayer = %d keynum = %d is_leaf = %d\n", layer, p->num, p->leaf);
for(i = 0; i < node->num; i++)
printf("%c ", p->keys[i]);
printf("\n");
#if 0
printf("%p\n", p);
for(i = 0; i <= 2 * T->t; i++)
printf("%p ", p->childrens[i]);
printf("\n");
#endif
layer++;
for(i = 0; i <= p->num; i++)
if(p->childrens[i])
btree_print(T, p->childrens[i], layer);
}
else printf("the tree is empty\n");
}
int btree_bin_search(btree_node *node, int low, int high, KEY_VALUE key) {
int mid;
if (low > high || low < 0 || high < 0) {
return -1;
}
while (low <= high) {
mid = (low + high) / 2;
if (key > node->keys[mid]) {
low = mid + 1;
} else {
high = mid - 1;
}
}
return low;
}
//{child[idx], key[idx], child[idx+1]}
void btree_merge(btree *T, btree_node *node, int idx) {
btree_node *left = node->childrens[idx];
btree_node *right = node->childrens[idx+1];
int i = 0;
/data merge
left->keys[T->t-1] = node->keys[idx];//把c拷贝到B后面
for (i = 0;i < T->t-1;i ++) {
left->keys[T->t+i] = right->keys[i];
}
if (!left->leaf) {
for (i = 0;i < T->t;i ++) {
left->childrens[T->t+i] = right->childrens[i];
}
}
left->num += T->t;
//destroy right
btree_destroy_node(right);
//node： C没有了FI要前移
for (i = idx+1;i < node->num;i ++) {
node->keys[i-1] = node->keys[i];
node->childrens[i] = node->childrens[i+1];
}
node->childrens[i+1] = NULL;
node->num -= 1;
if (node->num == 0) {
T->root = left;
btree_destroy_node(node);
}
}
void btree_delete_key(btree *T, btree_node *node, KEY_VALUE key) {
if (node == NULL) return ;
int idx = 0, i;
while (idx < node->num && key > node->keys[idx]) {
idx ++;
}
if (idx < node->num && key == node->keys[idx]) {
if (node->leaf) {
for (i = idx;i < node->num-1;i ++) {
node->keys[i] = node->keys[i+1];
}
node->keys[node->num - 1] = 0;
node->num--;
if (node->num == 0) { //root
free(node);
T->root = NULL;
}
return ;
} else if (node->childrens[idx]->num >= T->t) {
btree_node *left = node->childrens[idx];
node->keys[idx] = left->keys[left->num - 1];
btree_delete_key(T, left, left->keys[left->num - 1]);
} else if (node->childrens[idx+1]->num >= T->t) {
btree_node *right = node->childrens[idx+1];
node->keys[idx] = right->keys[0];
btree_delete_key(T, right, right->keys[0]);
} else {
btree_merge(T, node, idx);
btree_delete_key(T, node->childrens[idx], key);
}
} else {
btree_node *child = node->childrens[idx];
if (child == NULL) {
printf("Cannot del key = %d\n", key);
return ;
}
if (child->num == T->t - 1) {
btree_node *left = NULL;
btree_node *right = NULL;
if (idx - 1 >= 0)
left = node->childrens[idx-1];
if (idx + 1 <= node->num)
right = node->childrens[idx+1];
if ((left && left->num >= T->t) ||
(right && right->num >= T->t)) {
int richR = 0;
if (right) richR = 1;
if (left && right) richR = (right->num > left->num) ? 1 : 0;
if (right && right->num >= T->t && richR) { //borrow from next
child->keys[child->num] = node->keys[idx];
child->childrens[child->num+1] = right->childrens[0];
child->num ++;
node->keys[idx] = right->keys[0];
for (i = 0;i < right->num - 1;i ++) {
right->keys[i] = right->keys[i+1];
right->childrens[i] = right->childrens[i+1];
}
right->keys[right->num-1] = 0;
right->childrens[right->num-1] = right->childrens[right->num];
right->childrens[right->num] = NULL;
right->num --;
} else { //borrow from prev
for (i = child->num;i > 0;i --) {
child->keys[i] = child->keys[i-1];
child->childrens[i+1] = child->childrens[i];
}
child->childrens[1] = child->childrens[0];
child->childrens[0] = left->childrens[left->num];
child->keys[0] = node->keys[idx-1];
child->num ++;
node->key[idx-1] = left->keys[left->num-1];
left->keys[left->num-1] = 0;
left->childrens[left->num] = NULL;
left->num --;
}
} else if ((!left || (left->num == T->t - 1))
&& (!right || (right->num == T->t - 1))) {
if (left && left->num == T->t - 1) {
btree_merge(T, node, idx-1);
child = left;
} else if (right && right->num == T->t - 1) {
btree_merge(T, node, idx);
}
}
}
btree_delete_key(T, child, key);
}
}
int btree_delete(btree *T, KEY_VALUE key) {
if (!T->root) return -1;
btree_delete_key(T, T->root, key);
return 0;
}
int main() {
btree T = {0};
btree_create(&T, 3);
srand(48);
int i = 0;
char key[26] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
for (i = 0;i < 26;i ++) {
//key[i] = rand() % 1000;
printf("%c ", key[i]);
btree_insert(&T, key[i]);
}
btree_print(&T, T.root, 0);
for (i = 0;i < 26;i ++) {
printf("\n---------------------------------\n");
btree_delete(&T, key[25-i]);
//btree_traverse(T.root);
btree_print(&T, T.root, 0);
}
}
b+tree
区别：
b-tree：所有节点存储数据。当有非常多的节点时，有一些节点是存储在内存中的，btree会找一次后，还会找下一次。
b+tree：叶子节点存储数据，内节点索引用的。可以把所有索引放入内存，数据不会放在内存中，找到需要的，就一次寻址就可以再磁盘中找到数据。b+bree更加适合做磁盘索引。
内节点就是有子节点。
场景：mysql（InnoDB、MangoDB、等等）
除了叶子节点其他的节点都没有地址
减少树的高度
范围查找：需要找出>5的数不需要遍历树，效率高
算法可视化网站：
https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/Algorithms.html
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