对网络编程来说，最基本的三要素是IO， 协议（编解码），服务器端线程模型。这篇来看看ZooKeeper是如何实现高性能的网络程序。
IO模型
ZooKeeper默认提供了两种网络IO的实现，一个是Java原生的NIO，一个是基于Netty的IO。先从ServerCnxn这个抽象类看起，它表示一个从客户端到服务器端的网络连接。ServerCnxn实现了Stat服务器端统计接口，Watcher接口。 Watcher接口里面定义了KeeperState和EventType这两个枚举类型。
ServerCnxn有两个默认实现类，一个是基于JDK原生NIO的NIOServerCnxn，一个是基于Netty的NettyServerCnxn。
// ServerCnxn的属性
public abstract class ServerCnxn implements Stats, Watcher {
protected abstract ServerStats serverStats();
protected final Date established = new Date();
protected final AtomicLong packetsReceived = new AtomicLong();
protected final AtomicLong packetsSent = new AtomicLong();
protected long minLatency;
protected long maxLatency;
protected String lastOp;
protected long lastCxid;
protected long lastZxid;
protected long lastResponseTime;
protected long lastLatency;
protected long count;
protected long totalLatency;
}
重点看一下NIOServerCnxn，它处理和客户端的连接。它的唯一构造函数需要4个参数：ZooKeeperServer， SocketChannel， SelectionKey， NIOServerCnxnFactory。NIOServerCnxn本质上是对SocketChannel的封装，它提供了对SocketChannel读写的方法。
public NIOServerCnxn(ZooKeeperServer zk, SocketChannel sock,
SelectionKey sk, NIOServerCnxnFactory factory) throws IOException {
this.zkServer = zk;
this.sock = sock;
this.sk = sk;
this.factory = factory;
if (this.factory.login != null) {
this.zooKeeperSaslServer = new ZooKeeperSaslServer(factory.login);
}
if (zk != null) {
outstandingLimit = zk.getGlobalOutstandingLimit();
}
sock.socket().setTcpNoDelay(true);
/* set socket linger to false, so that socket close does not
* block */
sock.socket().setSoLinger(false, -1);
InetAddress addr = ((InetSocketAddress) sock.socket()
.getRemoteSocketAddress()).getAddress();
authInfo.add(new Id("ip", addr.getHostAddress()));
sk.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);
}NIOServerCnxn的核心方法是doIO, 它实现了SelectionKey被Selector选出后，SocketChannel如何进行读写
SocketChannel从客户端读数据的过程：
1. NIOServerCnxc维护了两个读数据的ByteBuffer, 一个是 lenBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(4)， 4个字节的ByteBuffer，表示是否是4个字符的命令消息，比如ruok, conf这种命令。ByteBuffer incomingBuffer表示用来存放读数据ByteBuffer, 初始状态下incomingBuffer指向lenBuffer
2. SocketChannel先向incomingBuffer写入数据，如果写入的长度小于0就抛异常。如果正常写入，并且incomingBuffer写满了，如果incomingBuffer是指向lenBuffer，表示这次读的是4个字节的长度。
3. readLength方法会判断是否是4字符命令，首先调用checkFourLetterWord来判断是否是4字符命令
4. 在checkFourLetterWord中，如果是4字符命令，就调用对应的线程CommandThread，启动单独的线程去执行对应的命令，具体的如何写会在后面说.
如果不是4字符命令，就会incomingBuffer分配对应长度的ByteBuffer， incomingBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(len); 不在指向lenBuffer
5. 如果不是4字符命令，进入到readPayload分支。在readPayload判断incomingBuffer是否满包，如果不是，就尝试读一次SocketChanel。如果这时候满包了，就调用flip方法切换到读模式，如果是第一次读到请求，就进入readConnectRequest，如果不是就进入到readRequest。 最后 incomingBuffer = lenBuffer; 再次指向lenBuffer，读下一个请求。
void doIO(SelectionKey k) throws InterruptedException {
try {
if (isSocketOpen() == false) {
LOG.warn("trying to do i/o on a null socket for session:0x"
+ Long.toHexString(sessionId));
return;
}
if (k.isReadable()) {
int rc = sock.read(incomingBuffer);
if (rc < 0) {
throw new EndOfStreamException(
"Unable to read additional data from client sessionid 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(sessionId)
+ ", likely client has closed socket");
}
if (incomingBuffer.remaining() == 0) {
boolean isPayload;
if (incomingBuffer == lenBuffer) { // start of next request
incomingBuffer.flip();
isPayload = readLength(k);
incomingBuffer.clear();
} else {
// continuation
isPayload = true;
}
if (isPayload) { // not the case for 4letterword
readPayload();
}
else {
// four letter words take care
// need not do anything else
return;
}
}
}
............
}
private boolean readLength(SelectionKey k) throws IOException {
// Read the length, now get the buffer
int len = lenBuffer.getInt();
if (!initialized && checkFourLetterWord(sk, len)) {
return false;
}
if (len < 0 || len > BinaryInputArchive.maxBuffer) {
throw new IOException("Len error " + len);
}
if (zkServer == null) {
throw new IOException("ZooKeeperServer not running");
}
incomingBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(len);
return true;
}
private boolean checkFourLetterWord(final SelectionKey k, final int len)
throws IOException
{
// We take advantage of the limited size of the length to look
// for cmds. They are all 4-bytes which fits inside of an int
String cmd = cmd2String.get(len);
if (cmd == null) {
return false;
}
LOG.info("Processing " + cmd + " command from "
+ sock.socket().getRemoteSocketAddress());
packetReceived();
/** cancel the selection key to remove the socket handling
* from selector. This is to prevent netcat problem wherein
* netcat immediately closes the sending side after sending the
* commands and still keeps the receiving channel open.
* The idea is to remove the selectionkey from the selector
* so that the selector does not notice the closed read on the
* socket channel and keep the socket alive to write the data to
* and makes sure to close the socket after its done writing the data
*/
if (k != null) {
try {
k.cancel();
} catch(Exception e) {
LOG.error("Error cancelling command selection key ", e);
}
}
final PrintWriter pwriter = new PrintWriter(
new BufferedWriter(new SendBufferWriter()));
if (len == ruokCmd) {
RuokCommand ruok = new RuokCommand(pwriter);
ruok.start();
return true;
} else if (len == getTraceMaskCmd) {
TraceMaskCommand tmask = new TraceMaskCommand(pwriter);
tmask.start();
return true;
} else if (len == setTraceMaskCmd) {
int rc = sock.read(incomingBuffer);
if (rc < 0) {
throw new IOException("Read error");
}
incomingBuffer.flip();
long traceMask = incomingBuffer.getLong();
ZooTrace.setTextTraceLevel(traceMask);
SetTraceMaskCommand setMask = new SetTraceMaskCommand(pwriter, traceMask);
setMask.start();
return true;
} else if (len == enviCmd) {
EnvCommand env = new EnvCommand(pwriter);
env.start();
return true;
} else if (len == confCmd) {
ConfCommand ccmd = new ConfCommand(pwriter);
ccmd.start();
return true;
} else if (len == srstCmd) {
StatResetCommand strst = new StatResetCommand(pwriter);
strst.start();
return true;
} else if (len == crstCmd) {
CnxnStatResetCommand crst = new CnxnStatResetCommand(pwriter);
crst.start();
return true;
} else if (len == dumpCmd) {
DumpCommand dump = new DumpCommand(pwriter);
dump.start();
return true;
} else if (len == statCmd || len == srvrCmd) {
StatCommand stat = new StatCommand(pwriter, len);
stat.start();
return true;
} else if (len == consCmd) {
ConsCommand cons = new ConsCommand(pwriter);
cons.start();
return true;
} else if (len == wchpCmd || len == wchcCmd || len == wchsCmd) {
WatchCommand wcmd = new WatchCommand(pwriter, len);
wcmd.start();
return true;
} else if (len == mntrCmd) {
MonitorCommand mntr = new MonitorCommand(pwriter);
mntr.start();
return true;
} else if (len == isroCmd) {
IsroCommand isro = new IsroCommand(pwriter);
isro.start();
return true;
}
return false;
}
private void readPayload() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
if (incomingBuffer.remaining() != 0) { // have we read length bytes?
int rc = sock.read(incomingBuffer); // sock is non-blocking, so ok
if (rc < 0) {
throw new EndOfStreamException(
"Unable to read additional data from client sessionid 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(sessionId)
+ ", likely client has closed socket");
}
}
if (incomingBuffer.remaining() == 0) { // have we read length bytes?
packetReceived();
incomingBuffer.flip();
if (!initialized) {
readConnectRequest();
} else {
readRequest();
}
lenBuffer.clear();
incomingBuffer = lenBuffer;
}
}
NIOServerCnxn写数据的过程如下：
1. 创建一个LinkedBlockingQueue<ByteBuffer>类型的outgoingBuffers来优化写，可以一次写多个ByteBuffer
2. 如果SelectionKey是因为写消息被Selector选中 的，先判断outgoingBuffers的长度是否大于0，如果大于0，就把outgoingBuffers中的ByteBuffer的数据都复制到factory.directBuffer这个直接内存的缓冲区中，如果directBuffer满了或者outgoingBuffers都已经复制到directBuffer了，就调用它的flip方法把它切换到读模式，然后把它的数据写入到SocketChannel中去。
由此可见，每次写的时候，都是从directBuffer写到SocketChannel中去的，利用直接内存优化了写操作。
写完后清理一下outgoingBuffers，把已经写完的ByteBuffer清理掉
3. 如果outgoingBuffers都写完了，就把SocketChannel切换到读模式中，关闭对写标志位的监听。如果没写完，继续监听写请求。
void doIO(SelectionKey k) throws InterruptedException {
try {
if (isSocketOpen() == false) {
LOG.warn("trying to do i/o on a null socket for session:0x"
+ Long.toHexString(sessionId));
return;
}
.......
if (k.isWritable()) {
if (outgoingBuffers.size() > 0) {
ByteBuffer directBuffer = factory.directBuffer;
directBuffer.clear();
for (ByteBuffer b : outgoingBuffers) {
if (directBuffer.remaining() < b.remaining()) {
b = (ByteBuffer) b.slice().limit(
directBuffer.remaining());
}
int p = b.position();
directBuffer.put(b);
b.position(p);
if (directBuffer.remaining() == 0) {
break;
}
}
directBuffer.flip();
int sent = sock.write(directBuffer);
ByteBuffer bb;
// Remove the buffers that we have sent
while (outgoingBuffers.size() > 0) {
bb = outgoingBuffers.peek();
if (bb == ServerCnxnFactory.closeConn) {
throw new CloseRequestException("close requested");
}
int left = bb.remaining() - sent;
if (left > 0) {
bb.position(bb.position() + sent);
break;
}
packetSent();
sent -= bb.remaining();
outgoingBuffers.remove();
}
// ZooLog.logTraceMessage(LOG,
// ZooLog.CLIENT_DATA_PACKET_TRACE_MASK, "after send,
// outgoingBuffers.size() = " + outgoingBuffers.size());
}
synchronized(this.factory){
if (outgoingBuffers.size() == 0) {
if (!initialized
&& (sk.interestOps() & SelectionKey.OP_READ) == 0) {
throw new CloseRequestException("responded to info probe");
}
sk.interestOps(sk.interestOps()
& (~SelectionKey.OP_WRITE));
} else {
sk.interestOps(sk.interestOps()
| SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
}
}
}
} catch (CancelledKeyException e) {
LOG.warn("Exception causing close of session 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(sessionId)
+ " due to " + e);
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
LOG.debug("CancelledKeyException stack trace", e);
}
close();
} catch (CloseRequestException e) {
// expecting close to log session closure
close();
} catch (EndOfStreamException e) {
LOG.warn("caught end of stream exception",e); // tell user why
// expecting close to log session closure
close();
} catch (IOException e) {
LOG.warn("Exception causing close of session 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(sessionId)
+ " due to " + e);
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
LOG.debug("IOException stack trace", e);
}
close();
}
}NIOServerCnxn写操作的入口方法有两个，一个是同步IO的sendBufferSync， 一个是NIO的sendBuffer。
1.基于同步IO的 sendBufferSync方法直接把SocketChannel设置为阻塞模式，然后直接写到Socket中去。上面提到的相应4字符命令的场景，就是使用了sendBufferSync的方法，直接写。
2. sendBuffer方法使用了NIO，它主要是因为使用了outgoingBuffers队列来优化写操作，可以一次写多个ByteBuffer。写的时候，先加入到outgoingBuffers，然后设置SelectionKey的写标志位，这样在下次Selector执行select方法时，可以进行写的动作
void sendBufferSync(ByteBuffer bb) {
try {
/* configure socket to be blocking
* so that we dont have to do write in
* a tight while loop
*/
sock.configureBlocking(true);
if (bb != ServerCnxnFactory.closeConn) {
if (sock.isOpen()) {
sock.write(bb);
}
packetSent();
}
} catch (IOException ie) {
LOG.error("Error sending data synchronously ", ie);
}
}
public void sendBuffer(ByteBuffer bb) {
try {
if (bb != ServerCnxnFactory.closeConn) {
// We check if write interest here because if it is NOT set,
// nothing is queued, so we can try to send the buffer right
// away without waking up the selector
if ((sk.interestOps() & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) == 0) {
try {
sock.write(bb);
} catch (IOException e) {
// we are just doing best effort right now
}
}
// if there is nothing left to send, we are done
if (bb.remaining() == 0) {
packetSent();
return;
}
}
synchronized(this.factory){
sk.selector().wakeup();
if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
LOG.trace("Add a buffer to outgoingBuffers, sk " + sk
+ " is valid: " + sk.isValid());
}
outgoingBuffers.add(bb);
if (sk.isValid()) {
sk.interestOps(sk.interestOps() | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
}
}
} catch(Exception e) {
LOG.error("Unexpected Exception: ", e);
}
}协议（编解码）
ZooKeeper使用Apache jute来序列化和反序列化Java对象，把Java对象序列化成二进制数据在网络中传播。在上一篇从ZooKeeper源代码看如何实现分布式系统（二）数据的高可用存储 中已经介绍了Apache Jute，这里不再赘述，简单看一下ZooKeeperServer是如何处理收到的数据包的，可以看到如何把二进制的请求序列化成Java对象来使用。
1. 先用ByteBufferInputStream来将incomingBuffer封装成流，然后用Jute的接口读到RequestHeader对象，这个对象实现了Jute的Record接口
2. RequestHeader只有两个属性，xid表示事务id，type表示请求的类型
3. 如果是auth类型的请求，从incomingBuffer中读取数据，反序列化到AuthPacket中，然后调用AuthenticationProvider来进行认证
4.如果是sasl的请求，执行相应的代码
5. 对于其他的事务请求，构造一个Request对象，进入到submitRequest方法去执行相应的事务请求。
// ZooKeeperServer
public void processPacket(ServerCnxn cnxn, ByteBuffer incomingBuffer) throws IOException {
// We have the request, now process and setup for next
InputStream bais = new ByteBufferInputStream(incomingBuffer);
BinaryInputArchive bia = BinaryInputArchive.getArchive(bais);
RequestHeader h = new RequestHeader();
h.deserialize(bia, "header");
// Through the magic of byte buffers, txn will not be
// pointing
// to the start of the txn
incomingBuffer = incomingBuffer.slice();
if (h.getType() == OpCode.auth) {
LOG.info("got auth packet " + cnxn.getRemoteSocketAddress());
AuthPacket authPacket = new AuthPacket();
ByteBufferInputStream.byteBuffer2Record(incomingBuffer, authPacket);
String scheme = authPacket.getScheme();
AuthenticationProvider ap = ProviderRegistry.getProvider(scheme);
Code authReturn = KeeperException.Code.AUTHFAILED;
if(ap != null) {
try {
authReturn = ap.handleAuthentication(cnxn, authPacket.getAuth());
} catch(RuntimeException e) {
LOG.warn("Caught runtime exception from AuthenticationProvider: " + scheme + " due to " + e);
authReturn = KeeperException.Code.AUTHFAILED;
}
}
if (authReturn!= KeeperException.Code.OK) {
if (ap == null) {
LOG.warn("No authentication provider for scheme: "
+ scheme + " has "
+ ProviderRegistry.listProviders());
} else {
LOG.warn("Authentication failed for scheme: " + scheme);
}
// send a response...
ReplyHeader rh = new ReplyHeader(h.getXid(), 0,
KeeperException.Code.AUTHFAILED.intValue());
cnxn.sendResponse(rh, null, null);
// ... and close connection
cnxn.sendBuffer(ServerCnxnFactory.closeConn);
cnxn.disableRecv();
} else {
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
LOG.debug("Authentication succeeded for scheme: "
+ scheme);
}
LOG.info("auth success " + cnxn.getRemoteSocketAddress());
ReplyHeader rh = new ReplyHeader(h.getXid(), 0,
KeeperException.Code.OK.intValue());
cnxn.sendResponse(rh, null, null);
}
return;
} else {
if (h.getType() == OpCode.sasl) {
Record rsp = processSasl(incomingBuffer,cnxn);
ReplyHeader rh = new ReplyHeader(h.getXid(), 0, KeeperException.Code.OK.intValue());
cnxn.sendResponse(rh,rsp, "response"); // not sure about 3rd arg..what is it?
}
else {
Request si = new Request(cnxn, cnxn.getSessionId(), h.getXid(),
h.getType(), incomingBuffer, cnxn.getAuthInfo());
si.setOwner(ServerCnxn.me);
submitRequest(si);
}
}
cnxn.incrOutstandingRequests(h);
}可以看到ZooKeeper的请求分为了两部分，RequestHeader表示消息头，剩余部分表示消息体。消息头标示了消息的类型。
线程模型
ZooKeeper提供了两种服务器端的线程模型，一种是基于原生NIO的reactor模型，一种是基于Netty的reactor模型。我们看一下基于NIO的reactor模型。
NIOServerCnxnFactory封装了Selector对象来做事件分发。NIOServerCnxnFactory本身实现了Runnable接口来作为一个可运行的线程。它还维护了一个线程，来使它本身作为一个单独的线程运行。
1. configure方法创建了一个守护线程，并且创建了ServerSocketChannel，注册到了Selector上去监听ACCEPT事件
2. 维护了一个HashMap，由客户端IP映射到来自该IP的NIOServerCnxn连接对象。
3. start方法启动线程，开始监听端口来响应客户端请求
4. run方法就是reactor模型的EventLoop，Selector每隔1秒执行一次select方法来处理IO请求，并分发到对应的SocketChannel中去。可以看到在分发请求的时候并没有创建新的线程
所以NIOServerCnxnFactory是一个最简单的单线程的reactor模型，由一个线程来进行IO事件的分发，以及IO的读写
public class NIOServerCnxnFactory extends ServerCnxnFactory implements Runnable {
ServerSocketChannel ss;
final Selector selector = Selector.open();
Thread thread;
public void configure(InetSocketAddress addr, int maxcc) throws IOException {
configureSaslLogin();
thread = new Thread(this, "NIOServerCxn.Factory:" + addr);
thread.setDaemon(true);
maxClientCnxns = maxcc;
this.ss = ServerSocketChannel.open();
ss.socket().setReuseAddress(true);
LOG.info("binding to port " + addr);
ss.socket().bind(addr);
ss.configureBlocking(false);
ss.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
}
final HashMap<InetAddress, Set<NIOServerCnxn>> ipMap =
new HashMap<InetAddress, Set<NIOServerCnxn>>( );
public void start() {
// ensure thread is started once and only once
if (thread.getState() == Thread.State.NEW) {
thread.start();
}
}
private void addCnxn(NIOServerCnxn cnxn) {
synchronized (cnxns) {
cnxns.add(cnxn);
synchronized (ipMap){
InetAddress addr = cnxn.sock.socket().getInetAddress();
Set<NIOServerCnxn> s = ipMap.get(addr);
if (s == null) {
// in general we will see 1 connection from each
// host, setting the initial cap to 2 allows us
// to minimize mem usage in the common case
// of 1 entry -- we need to set the initial cap
// to 2 to avoid rehash when the first entry is added
s = new HashSet<NIOServerCnxn>(2);
s.add(cnxn);
ipMap.put(addr,s);
} else {
s.add(cnxn);
}
}
}
}
public void run() {
while (!ss.socket().isClosed()) {
try {
selector.select(1000);
Set<SelectionKey> selected;
synchronized (this) {
selected = selector.selectedKeys();
}
ArrayList<SelectionKey> selectedList = new ArrayList<SelectionKey>(
selected);
Collections.shuffle(selectedList);
for (SelectionKey k : selectedList) {
if ((k.readyOps() & SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT) != 0) {
SocketChannel sc = ((ServerSocketChannel) k
.channel()).accept();
InetAddress ia = sc.socket().getInetAddress();
int cnxncount = getClientCnxnCount(ia);
if (maxClientCnxns > 0 && cnxncount >= maxClientCnxns){
LOG.warn("Too many connections from " + ia
+ " - max is " + maxClientCnxns );
sc.close();
} else {
LOG.info("Accepted socket connection from "
+ sc.socket().getRemoteSocketAddress());
sc.configureBlocking(false);
SelectionKey sk = sc.register(selector,
SelectionKey.OP_READ);
NIOServerCnxn cnxn = createConnection(sc, sk);
sk.attach(cnxn);
addCnxn(cnxn);
}
} else if ((k.readyOps() & (SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE)) != 0) {
NIOServerCnxn c = (NIOServerCnxn) k.attachment();
c.doIO(k);
} else {
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
LOG.debug("Unexpected ops in select "
+ k.readyOps());
}
}
}
selected.clear();
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
LOG.warn("Ignoring unexpected runtime exception", e);
} catch (Exception e) {
LOG.warn("Ignoring exception", e);
}
}
closeAll();
LOG.info("NIOServerCnxn factory exited run method");
}
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