1.名词
1.1名词的分类
(1) 专有名词 （人名、地名、机构名)
(2) 普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词
1.可数名词 分为个体名词(boy) 和集体名词(family)
2.不可数名词 物质名词(milk bread) 和抽象名词(power)
1.2可数名词复数形式变化规则
(一)
| 名词 | 构成 | 例词 |
| （1）一般名词 | +s | map——maps soldier——soldiers |
| (2)以s、x、sh、ch结尾 | +es | bus——buses box——boxes brush——brushes watch——watches 口诀:吃死是错 |
| (3)以辅音字母＋y结尾 | 去y+ies | baby——babies lady——ladies |
| (4)以元音字母＋y结尾 | +s | monkey——monkeys toy——toys |
| (5)以f、fe结尾 | 去f、fe＋ves | self——selves knife——knives |
| +s特殊 | roof——roofs | |
| (6)以0结尾 | +es 有生命 | hero——heroes potato——potatoes 口诀:黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿 |
| +s无生命 | radio——radios piano——pianos |
(二)
| 特殊变化 | 例词 |
| 一、 (1)元音字母变 (2)单复同形 (3)特殊 | (1)man——men woman——women child——children foot——feet goose——geese tooth——teeth (2)sheep——sheep deer——deer (3)ox——oxen mouse——mice fish ——fish(鱼的条数) ——fishes(鱼的种类) ——fish(鱼肉)不可数名词 chicken——chickens(小鸡) ——chicken(鸡肉) |
| 二、口诀 国人变化:中日两瑞永不变 英法联军a变e，其它后面＋s 尤其小心德国人 | chinese——chinese japanese——japanese Swiss(瑞士人)——Swiss Swedish——Swedish(瑞典人) Englishman——Englishmen Frenchman——Frenchmen German——Germans American——Americans |
| 三、口诀 男人女人前后都变 | man teacher——men teachers |
| 四、口诀 有主体变主体，无主体变后边 | girl student ——girl students father—in—law——fathers—in—law go between——go betweens book store——book stores |
| 五、可数与不可数 | glass (玻璃) ——glasses(眼镜) time(时间) ——times(次、倍) work(工作) ——works(著作) paper(纸) ——papers(论文) exericise(锻炼)——exercises(练习) |
1.3不可数名词
不可数名词使用规则:
1.前面不能加a(an)后不加s
2.视为单数
3.前加量词,量词可数
常见的不可数名词:weather 、 news、information、advice、fun
1.4.集体名词的用法
1people,police.cattle谓语用 复数
2.family、class、team、government、crowd、group、union、public、youth(青年)
规则: 视为 整体 时，用作单数
视为 个体 时，用作复数
My family is a large one. 整体 表示家庭
My family are very friendly 个体 表示家人
1.5名词所有格
| 一、有生命的名词所有格 | 不以s结尾+ ‘s 以s结尾+ ' | the boy's sister |
| the three babies' sister | ||
| the women's sister | ||
| 几个人共有 给最后一个人 | Tom and Jerry's sister | |
| 各自所有 拥有每个人都+'s | Mary's and Lily's sisters | |
| 二、无生命 | A of B=B的A | the Window of the classroom |
| 三、特殊 | 表示时间或距离，+'、's | today's newspaper two hours' walk |
| 表国家或城市 | Australia's capital | |
| 所有物＋of+所有者’s（表示整体中的一个) a sister of his father's | Father's day Teacher's day | |
| 双重所有格 of + 名词性物主代词 | a xx of sb's a sister of his (他的一个姐姐） |
1.6特殊考点
1.名词修饰名词：a shoe shop. room temperature , a book store
2.时间距离: 两个小时的谈话：two hours' talk =a two-hour talk
3.在…的诊所里/店里/家里：
表示住宅、店铺、诊所+'s at the lawyer's(在律所)
go to the doctor's (clinic)
go to the butcher's/barber's(shop)
go to my grandma's/uncle's/Wang's house
2.代词（一）
代词的分类
人称代词 、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、疑问代词、指示代词
2.1人称代词
| 主格 | I | you | he | she | it | they | we | you |
| 宾格 | me | you | him | her | it | them | us | you |
1.使用规则 ：动词前——主格 动词后——宾格
2.排序：你最前，我最后，男在前，女在后
注意：承认错误，担当责任时，我最前
2.2物主代词
| 形容词性 | my | your | his | her | its | our | their | yours |
| 名词性 | mine | yours | his | hers | its | ours | theirs | yours |
使用规则: 形容词物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词
形物代后有名词 名物代后无名词
2.3反身代词
反身代词常用词组
| make oneself at home | 请自便 | by oneself | 独自地，独立地 |
| learn sth./by oneself | 自学 | pride oneself | 自夸 |
| dress oneself | 穿衣 | make oneself understood | 让别人懂得自己 |
2.4不定代词
| 很多,一些 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| many(可数) | 许多 | ||
| much(不可数) | 许多 | ||
| some | 一些 | X | 建议句型常用 |
| any | 任何 | √ | 常用 |
| 一点 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 不可数 | little | 没有 |
| a little | 有一点 | |
| 可数 | few | 没有 |
| a few | 有一点 | |
口诀：先看可数不可数，在看有没有
2.5疑问代词
what 引导的特殊疑问句
what‘s the population 人口是多少？
how many / how much / how far / how often / how long / how soon
how many 多少（数量）后+可数名词复数
how much 多少（数量）后+不可数名词复数；询问价格多少钱
how far 多远（距离）
how often 多久一次（频率）
how long 多长（长度)；多长时间（时间），回答：for+段时间
how soon 多长时间（时间)，回答：in+段时间 （表将来)
what’s the distance 距离是多少
what's the price / address / attitute / capital …… 价格/地址/态度如何/首都
2.6指示代词
| this | 这个 | that | 那个 |
| these | 这些 | those | 那些 |
使用规则：在回答时单数用 it ， 复数用they
3.代词（二）
3.1不定代词——某人某事
| thing | body | one | |
| some | something | somebody | someone |
| any | anything | anybody | anyone |
| no | nothing | nobody | |
| every | everything | everybody | everyone |
使用规则：形容词修饰不定代词，形容词后置做定语
3.2不定代词——三三两两
| 都 | 都不 | 之一 | 范围 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 复 both | 单neither | 单 either | 总=2 |
| 单/复 all | 单 none | 单 any | 总>3 |
常用搭配：
1.both ……and……两者都
2.either……or……要么……要么
3.neither……nor……既不……也不
1.谓语动词用复数 ， 2，3就近原则
Both you and I are good students.
Neither you or I am good students.
Either I nor you are good students.
3.3 it,one and that
| it | 同一个（同名同物)可数单数/不可数 |
|---|---|
| one | 同一类（同名异物)可数单数/复数后+s (ones) |
| that | 特指(同名异物) 可数单数/不可数 =the one / the +n |
3.4 one, another,the other,some,others,the others
| 单数 | another | 有剩余不是最后一个 |
| the other | 剩下最后一个(无剩余) | |
| 复数 | others | 另外一些，但不是最后的(有剩余) |
| the others | 另一些剩下所有的(无剩余) |
使用规则：other相当于 形容词性物主代词
others 相当于 名词性物主代词 = other +n.复
another用于数词前 another two days=two more days
more用于数词后
3.5 no one VS none
no one 专指没有人 who提问 no one 回答
none 数量上没有(人物) many提问 none回答
none of+n. no one 不加 of+n.
3.6 每一
every 每个； 所有；（整体) +n.(单) / (3者或以上) + v.单
each 个个；(个体) (单独) / +n.单+v.单/(2者或以上) + of+n.复+v.单
4冠词
4.1定义
一定虚词，不能单独使用，用于名词前
4.2分类
| 不定冠词 | a/an ——>可数名词单数前 | 泛指 |
| 定冠词 | the——>任何名词前 | 特指 |
| 不加冠词 | 泛指 |
4.3定冠词
| 口诀 | 口诀释义 |
|---|---|
| 独、旧、双、方、级、乐、序 | 独一无二、再次提到、双方都知道、方向方位、最高级、西洋乐器、序数词前 |
| 姓、形、山河、惯、党团 | (the+姓氏的复数)、(the+形容词)、(山河湖海)、(习惯用法)、(组织机构) |
4.4不定冠词
特点：泛指
1.后接可数n.单数
2.a ——辅音音素开头的名词
3. an——元音音素开头的名词
4.以下字母前用an——> s f l h
There is an "f" in the word fish
There is a "b" in the word box
4.5零冠词
| 下列情况不用冠词 | 例子 |
| 口诀： | 名词之前代词限、复数名词表泛指 球类学科和三餐、专有名词不可添 星期月份季节前、交通手段和节目 习语称谓和头衔 |
特殊考点：
1.球类运动前有play时要用零冠词，若球类前无play时，表泛指用a/an ，表特质用the
2.当季节、月份、语言有限定修饰时要用the
She came here in the autumn of 1982 限定词+the
I want to go paris where I can learn the French language
5连词
5.1分类
连词分为并列连词和从属连词
5.2从属连词
5.2.1定义
从属连词通常引导一个从句修饰主语
5.2.2 分类
1.表条件 2.表时间.3.表目的 4.表让步. 5表方式
| 1.表条件 | As/so long as 只要 In case 万一，如果 |
| 2 表时间 | The monent / minute / second / instant ，immediately ， directly ， once ，as soon as 都表示一……就…… |
| 3. 表目的 | In case/for fear that 以防，以免 |
| 4,表让步 | whenever, whoever 疑问句+ever …… (无论……) |
| 5.表方式 | as if , as though 好像 as, the way 就像 |
5.3 并列连词
5.3.1 定义
并列连词是连接单词、短语、或句子的一种虚词
5.3.2分类
1.并列，顺承关系，2.转折关系，3.因果关系，4.选择关系
| 并列顺承关系 | 并列 | 顺承 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | 和 | 然后 | |
| as well as | 除了……还、和 | 谓语要跟 as well as 前面的主语走 就远原则 | |
| both……and…… | 两者都 | both……and……的谓语是复数 | |
| not noly……but also | 不但……而且 | 谓语要用就近原则 | |
| Neither……nor…… | 既不……也不 | 谓语要用就近原则 |
| 转折关系 | ||
|---|---|---|
| but | 转折 | 但是 |
| while | 对比 | 而 |
| yet | 转折 | 但是，而 |
| 因果关系 | ||
|---|---|---|
| for | 因果 | 因为 |
| so | 因果 | 所以 |
| 选择关系 | 选择 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|
| Either……or…… | 要么……要么，或者……或者 | 谓语要用就近原则 |
| or | 或者 |
6数词
6.1基数词
| 1——12特殊记 | eleven，twelve |
| 13——19+teen | fifteen ,thirteen |
| 20,30，……90+ty | twenty,fifty |
| 百位之间+and | one hunderd and fifty-five |
| 个十之间+ - | forty-four,twenty-two |
6.2hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen使用规则
表示确数：不加s 不加of two thousand 300名学生 three hundred students
表示概述：加s加of 成千上百名学生 hundreds of students
dozens of=many(+名词复数) 许多的花 many / dozens of flower
6.3序数词
1,2,3特殊记
8去 t + th 、9去e + th
ve要用f 替 +th twelve——> twelfth
见y变成 i 和 e,词尾再加th twenty——>twentieth
若是遇上几十几，只变个位就可以
注意：
序数词前一般要用the
序数词前用a或an是，则表示又一，再一
序数词前用+my 等形容词性物主代词省略the
6.4用法
6.4.1分数表达法
口诀：分子基，分母序 分子大于1，分母加s
1/3 one third 2/3 tow thirds 1/2 a half 1/4 a quarter 3/4 three querters
6.4.2小数表达法
小数点读作 point 小数点前后的数用基数词表示
0.04 zero point zero four 63.57 : sixty - three point five seven
6.4.3百分数表达法
百分数读作:percent
40%: forty percent 63% : sixty-three percent
6.4.4 分数、百分数与主谓一致
当分数、百分数修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数形式
当分数、百分数修饰不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式
6.4.5 年龄表达法
in the +位整数年代s in the 1990s int the 2020s
in one's +位整数s in his teens in her twenties in his thirties
6.4.6 编号表达法
基数表达法 chapter eight 序数表达法 the eighth chapter
page 333 the 333^rd page 333页
room 256 the 256^rd room
Tel.No. 14326025电话号码 Bus.No.59 公交车59号
7介词
7.1定义
介词用来表示词与词、句与句的关系的词
7.2方位介词
| 某地 | in 大地点 at 小地点 |
| 里里外外 | in 范围内 on 接壤的 at 范围外 |
| 上上下下 | on 在……上面，有接触面 beneath 在……下面，有接触面 over 在……上面，垂直 under 在……下面，垂直 |
| 前前后后 口诀： | in front of 在外部的前面 in the front of 在里面的前面 behind 在……的后面 里the外不the |
| 中间 | between 两者间 among 大于三者间 |
| 穿越 | through 内部穿 across 表面穿 |
| 树上 | on the tree 长在树上 in the tree 在树上 |
| 墙上 | in the wall 在墙里 on the wall 在墙上 |
| 附近旁边 | next to 紧挨着 beside 在……旁边（不远) Near 在……附件（有距离) |
7.3时间介词
in 在 年、月、季节前
on 在具体某一天
at 用于钟点前
in +段时间表将来
7.4方式介词
by 通过+doing
with 接饰品，接伤疤
in 接衣服，接鞋帽
7.5易混淆介词
1,由……制成
be made of 能看出原材料
be made from 不能看出原材料
2.交通工具
by car/ by bike by+交通工具
in a car/ on a bike in/on +修饰词+交通工具
3.除了
besides 除了(包括+)
except 除了(不包括-)
except for 美中不足
8形容词副词
8.1定义
形容词：修饰名词，名词前系动词后
副词：修饰动词、形容词、副词和整句话
形修名 副修动
8.2形容词基本用法
1.做定语，放在名词前
2.修饰something，anything时，形容词后置
3.做表语，放在系动词后面
8.3常见系动词
| be动词系列 | am、is、are、was、were |
| 感官动词系列 | look、smell、taste、sound、feel、seem…… |
8.4副词基本用法
1.位置：副词位置比较灵活，一般放在动词或形容词前面：在be动词、助动词之后
2.修饰：动词，形容词，副词，整句话
| 形副词转化 | |
| 形容词+ly——>副词 | quick——quickly 快速地 |
| 以y结尾，改y为i+ly | lucky——luckily happy——happily |
| e结尾不发音，且e前一个单词不是I，去e+ly,e前一个单词有I改e为y | true——truly possible——possibiy terrible——terribly |
以-ly结尾的常见的形容词
friendly 友好的 lovely 可爱的 lively 生机勃勃的
形副同形
迟 late 速度快 fast early 努力地 hard high
PS lately 最近地 hardly 几乎不 highly 高度地 good 好的
well adj 好的(身体好的) adv 好的
易错形副词
enough 名词前形容词副词后
| alone | 独自的(无感情色彩) |
| lonely | 孤独的(有感情色彩) |
| much too 后接adj/adv | 太 |
| too much 后接n(不可数) | 多 |
8.5形副词比较级最高级
| 构成 | 例词 |
| 直 + er / est | rich——richer / richest short——shorter / shortest |
| 去e+er / est | nice——nicer / nicest cute——cuter / cutest |
| 双+er / est | hot——hotter / hottest big——bigger / biggest (辅元辅) |
| 改y为i+er / est | happy——happier / happiest lucky——luckier / luckiest |
| 多more / most | beautiful——more / most beautiful |
8.6特殊比较级最高级
| 比较级 | 最高级 | 比较级 | 最高级 | ||
| good well | better | best | many much | more | most |
| bad / badly ill | worse | worst | little few | less | least |
| old 老 | older | oldest | fat 远 | farther | tarthest |
| old (年长) | elder | eldest | fur (深) | further | furthest |
8.7常用句型
1.原级
一、A+ be/v. + as +原级 + as +B a和b一样
Lucy is as beautiful as Lily
二、A + be/v + not as / so +原级 +as +b A 不如B
Xiao Ming is not as handsome as Li Hua
2.比较级
一、A + be/v. + 比较级 + than + B A比B
The dog is fatter than that one
The dog is much fatter than that one
二、A+ be/v +比较级 + than +any other +单数名词 A比其他任何一个都
Liu Yang runs faster than any other athlete
三、A+ be/v +比较级 + than +any +单数名词 A比任何一个都
Sun Yang swims faster than any swimmer of Australia
四、比较级+and +比较级 越来越……
It become happier and happier
五、the + 比较级，the +比较级 越……就越……
the more you eat , the fatter you become
可修饰比较级的词
更……得多 much , a lot , far , a great deal , rather, even, still ,
更……一点儿 a little , a bit
3.最高级
一、the + 形容词最高级+单数名词 + in / of 短语 最……
Yao Ming is the most famous basketball star in china
Yao Ming is the most famous basketball star of all
二、one of the +最高级 +复数名词+ in / of 最……的之一
Ge You is one of the most famous actors in china
三、the + 序数词 + 最高级 + 单数名词 + in / of 第几最……
Bob is the third tallest dog in the picture
9.动词
9.1及物动词和不及物动词
9.1.1 及物动词 Vt
1.定义: 及物动词后面必须跟宾语
2.结构: 主+谓语+宾语
Jeson enjoys pizza(名词做宾语) a lot
His father hoped (that jason could make pizza by himself) 从句作宾语
主+谓语+双宾
His mother handed him (间接宾语表示人) a piece (直接宾语表示物) of pizza
主+谓语+宾+宾补
Jason made the pizza(宾语) look good(宾语补足语)
常用词
主+谓+宾
receive、forget、afford、like、catch、say、raise、expect、enjoy、invent、suppose、seat、encourage、observe(观察)、prevent(阻止)、promise、provide、regard、supply、select
主+谓+双宾
tell、ask、bring、take、give、lend、hand、offer、pass、send、show、teach、pay、promise、read、return、leave、mail、throw、write、buy、make
主+谓+宾+宾补
let、have、make、tell、see、find、keep、allow、ask、advise、help、leave
9.1.2不及物动词 Vi
定义：不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语
不及物动词接宾语，要借助介词
结构 ：主+谓
His father agreed
His little brother came
Jason succeeded in making his first pizza
He was pointing to the cheese
常用词
arrive、belong、look、depend、lie、listen、succeed、live、stay、work、appear、cry、come、exist、die、go、happen、hurry、sit、sleep
9.1.3兼作及物动词不及物动词
意义不变
start、answer、sing、close、agree、consider、insist（坚持) 、read、learn、prepare、pay、hurt、improve、hope
意义变化
| Vt | Vi | |
| beat | 敲打 | 跳动 |
| grow | 种植 | 生长 |
| play | 打(牌、球)、演凑 | 玩耍 |
| smell | 嗅 | 发出(气味) |
| ring | 打电话 | (电话、铃)响 |
| speak | 说(语言) | 讲话 |
9.2延续性动词和瞬间动词
| 动词 | 特点 | 用法 | 例词 |
| 延续性动词 | 表示能够延续的动作 | 可与表示"段时间"状语连用 (for、since、how long…) | learn、work、 live、read… |
| 瞬间动词 | 表示不能够延续的动作 | a.不可与表示"段时间"状语连用 (for、since、how long…) | open、begin、come、buy、 arrive、leave… |
| b.可用于when时间状语从句、 不可用于while时间状语从句 |
Pizze has become popular since the 20th century (X)
Pizze has been popular since the 20th century
While his mother got angry , he was smiling.(X)
When his mother got angry, he was smiling.
9.3瞬间动词变成相应的延续性动词
| 瞬间动词 | 延续性动词 | 瞬间动词 | 延续性动词 |
| leave—— | be away(from) | borrow—— | keep |
| get up—— | bu up | buy—— | have |
| die—— | be dead | move to—— | live in |
| finish/end—— | be over | catch a cold—— | have a cold |
| open—— | be open | begin/start—— | be on |
| join—— | be in/be a member of |
9.4辨析
1.take、carry、bring、fetch
| take | 拿走—> |
| bring | 拿来<— |
| carry | 搬、携带 |
| fetch | 取回来 |
2.reach、arrive in/at 、get to(到达)
| reach | 及物动词 reach+地点 | we reached Beijing in the morning |
| arrive in | 不及物动词 arrive in+大地点(国家/城市/省) | We arrived in Beijing in the morning |
| arrive at | 不及物动词 arrive at+小地点(家/学校/公园/车站/机场) | |
| get to | 不及物动词 get to+地点 get home/get there/get here 副词修饰动词不加to | We got to Beijing in the morning |
3.spend、pay、cost、take
| spend：主语是人：花钱、花时间 | 人+spend+时间/金钱+on sth. | 我买这辆车花五元钱 | I spent 5 yuan on the car |
| 人+spend+时间/金钱+（in)doing sth. | 那个男孩花了10分钟画一幅画 | The boy spent 10 minutes drawing a picture | |
| pay:主语是人：花钱 | pay sb some money for sth. | 我买那辆车付给了他五元钱 | I paid him 5 yuan for the car |
| cost: 主语是物；花钱、花代价 | 作名词:花费；成本 at the cost of 以……为代价 | 这本书花了我30元 | The book cost me thirty yuan |
| take：形式主语it：花钱、花时间 | It takes/took sb. time/money +to do sth. | 我花了三个小时完成工作 | It tooe me three hours to finish the work |
4.speak、say、talk、tell
| speak | 后+语言 | I can speak English |
| say | 后+说话的内容 | I want to say thank you |
| talk：谈话、交谈 | talk to 单方谈话 | I like talking to my dog. |
| talk with 双方交谈 | She was talking with a foreign friend | |
| talk about 谈论…… | We are talking about the weathe | |
| tell 告诉 | tell sb.sth 告诉某人某事 | He told everyone the news he saw. |
| tell sth.to sb.告诉某人某事 | He told the news to everybody. | |
| tell sb.to do sth 告诉某人去做…… | He told me to study hard. |
5.be made from、be made of
| be made from | 由……制成 不能看出原材料 | The wine is made from grapes |
| be made of | 由……制成 能看出原材料 | The table is made of wood |
6.break down、break into、break out
| break down | 1.发生故障 2.垮掉(身体等) | On my way to the station my car break down |
| break into | 强行闯入 | When he got home,he found his house was broken into. |
| break out | 爆发、突然发生(战争、斗殴、疾病、火灾等) | He was only 10 when war broke out |
7.turn off、turn on、turn up、turn down
| turn off | 关闭(电源等） |
| turn on | 打开(电视机；收音机和电灯等) |
| turn up | 1.调大(声音) 2.出现 |
| turn down | 1.调小(声音) 2.拒绝=refuse |
8.take part in 、join in 、join
| take part in | take part in +活动(群从性活动) | How many countries will take part in the World Cup? |
| join in | join in+游戏/比赛(小型活动) | Can I join in the game They all join in singing the song |
| join | join+组织/sb.(大型组织) | She joined a Health Club. Will you join us? |
9.listen to、hear
| listen to | 听 强调听的过程 | I'm listening to the music. |
| hear | 听到 强调听的结果 | He heard a dog barking |
10,find、look for、find out
| find | 找到 强调找的结果 | I found my cat |
| look for | 寻找 强调找的过程 | I'm looking for my cat |
| find out | 查明真相 强调经过分析思考弄清楚一件事 | I'll do my best to find out |
11.raise、rise
| raise | 及物动词 抬高(人为) | He raised his hand to answer the question. |
| rise | 不及物动词 上升(自然而然) | The sun rises in the east. |
12.wear、put on
| wear | 穿着 强调穿的状态 | My monther wore her coat and went you |
| put on | 穿上 强调穿的动作 | My monther put on her coat and went you |
9.5短语
| catch up with | 追上、赶上 | try on | 试穿、试验 |
| send for=call for | 派人去叫/去取某物 | show sb around | 带某人参观 |
| look forward to +doing | 期待做…… | show off | 炫耀、卖弄 |
| laugh at | 嘲笑 | hand in | 上交、递上 |
| pay attention to | 注意 | hand out | 分发 |
| give back | 归还 | get on/along with | 与……和睦相处 |
| pick up | 捡起、开车接、学会 | put away | 放好、抛弃 |
| give up | 放弃 | look up | 查阅、向上看 |
| grow up | 成长 |
10情态动词
10.1定义
表示说话人的态度和看法
10.2原则
1.不能单独使用,后接动词原形，构成谓语
2.没有人称和数的变化
3.否定在后直接加not
You mustn't take pictures of mine
He should shave every day.
You had better go to the doctor.
常见的情态动词: can ,may ,must ,need, should ,shall ,had better…….
10.3委婉请求
may: 疑问句表示委婉请求
might: 表示更加委婉的语气(不是过去式）
can : 疑问句表示委婉请求, 口语中可以和may互换
could: 表示更加委婉的语气(不是过去式）
1. May I come in?
2. Might I borrow some money?
3. Can I help you?
4. Could I ask you some questions?
委婉语气 might> may> could >can
10.4表能力
can 含义 能，会 = (be able to(能够)) 否定can't
could 含义:过去式 能，会
注意：can只有一般现在和一般过去式(could) be able to 则有更多时态
I can swim.
I can't fly.
I could do this when I was young.
I'll be able to go swimming this afternoon.
10.5命令禁止
must :必须一定， 表达说话人的主观看法
have to: 不得不， 强调客观需要
mustn't : 禁止，不准
don't have to 没必要
1. He is my best friend, so I must help him.
2. He has to get to shcoo before 8 o'clock
3. We mustn't sleep in class.
4. We don't have to arrive so early.
10.6表推测
一定不: can't 完全否定的猜测.
可能: may , might
可能不: may not , might not
一定: must 完全肯定的猜测
10.7情实共存
| 情态动词 | 实意动词 | |
| 肯定 | need/dare(敢) do | meed/dare to do |
| 否定 | needn't/daren't do | don't need/datr to do |
| 无三单变化后加do 否定直接加not | 有三单变化后加to do 否定用助动词 |
1. Dare you go home at night by yourself?
2. Did he need to leave then? (有三单变化）
10.8肯否不一
1. May/Might I borrow some money?
肯定回答: Yes,you can
否定回答:No, you can't / mustn't(情理不容用mustn't)
过去式: might (一般疑问句中表委婉语气)
2. Can / Could I open the door?
Yes, you can.
No , you can't.
1.含义: 可以（表请求)
2,可以与could , may,might 互换
3. 肯否回答: could/can问，can回答
3.Must I do my homework now?
Yes, you must.
No, you needn't / don't have to
1.含义: 必须
2.mustn't 禁止
3.肯否回答: (1)肯定回答: Yes you must.
(2)否定回答：No, you needn' t 或者 don't have to.
Must we attend the party?
No, you needn't. You are free.
10.9表建议
1. Would you like to have lunch with me?
Would like + to do
2. Would you mind not smoking here?
Would mind +V.ing
3. Would you please show me the way?
Would + V.原型
Would you like to see a film with me tomorrow?
10.10给建议
He should ought to had better
给建议: should< ought to< had better //最好
否定: shouldn't , oughtn't to , had better not
You lood tired now. You had better stay at home and have a rest.
11非谓语动词
11.1非谓语动词定义：
在句子中不做谓语的动词
11.2非谓语动词的形式：
不定式(to do) 动名词（doing) 分词(现在分词doing/过去分词done)
11.3 V+doing sth 型
正在做某事
11.3.1 V + to do sth. 型
要求去做某事
11.4 V+sb. to do
要求某人去做什么
ask asked tell told want order
11.4.1 V+sb.do 使役动词
使某人做什么
let make made have had
11.5 V+do/doing
做什么/正在做什么
看：see watch noice observe(观察)
听 listen to hear
感觉：feel
+ sb./sth doing 正在
+sb./sth. do 经常 ，知道全过程
11.6V+ to do/doing 区别
| 动词 | to do 未发生 | doing 已发生 |
| remember | 记得去做 | 记得做过 |
| forget | 忘记去做 | 忘记做过 |
| stop | 去做某事 | 停止做某事 |
| go on | 继续做另一件事情 | 继续做原来的事情 |
| need | 需要做 | 需要被做 |
| mean | 故意做 | 意味着 |
| try | 尽力做 | 尝试做 |
| regret | 后悔去做 | 后悔做过 |
| used to do | 过去常常 | |
| be used to doing | 习惯于 | |
11.7动名词和现在分词的区别
| done | 过去分词 | 被动、完成 |
| doing | 动名词 | 主动进行 |
| 现在分词 | ||
| to be | 不定式 | 将来、目的 |
1.The dog likes sleeping 动名词 表示睡觉这件事 名词性质
2.The dog is sleeping 现在分词 表示正在睡觉 动词/形容词性质
11.7.1什么是分词？
分式动词和形容词两类词性的词
excite v. 使激动
exciting adj. 令人激动的 修饰物（主动语态）
excited adj. 感到激动的 修饰人 (被动语态)
The movie is exciting I was excited because of the movie
11.7.2非谓语动词在句中做什么成分？
非谓语:除了谓语别的都可以：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语
注意：分词不能做主语和宾语
11.8.非谓语动词的时态和语态
11.8.1时态
| 主动形式 | 被动形式 | ||||
| 一般式 | 进行式 | 完成式 | 一般式 | 完成式 | |
| 不定式 | to do | to be doing | to have done | to be done | to have been done |
| 动名词 | doing | having done | being done | having been done | |
| 现在分词 | doing | having done | being done | having been done | |
| 过去分词 | done | ||||
11.8.1.1不定式的一般式、完成式、进行式
11.8.1.1.1不定式一般式（to do)
11.8.1.1.2不定式的完成式(to have done)
11.8.1.1.3不定式的进行式(to be doing)
11.8.1.2不定式的被动式、否定式
11.8.1.2.1不定式的被动式(to be done/to have been done)
11.8.1.2.2不定式的否定式
11.8.1.3动名词的一般式、完成式、被动式、否定式
11.8.1.3.1动名词的一般式(doing)
11.8.1.3.2动名词的完成式(having done)
11.8.1.3.3动名词的被动式(being done/having been done)
11.8.1.3.4 动名词的否定式
doing 之前加上 not
She doesn't like not being taken seriously
11.8.1.4 现在分词的一般式、完成式、被动式、否定式
11.8.1.4.1 现在分词的一般式(doing)
表示动作发生和谓语动词的动作同时发生
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
11.8.1.4.2 现在分词的完成式(having done)
表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前
Having lost her passport , she is now in deep water.
11.8.1.4.3 现在分词的被动式 (being done/ having been done)
逻辑主语与动词式被动关系
The building being repaired is our librar y. 一般式
Having been bitten twice , the boy refused to talk with us. 完成式( 独立主格)
11.8.1.4.4 现在分词的否定式
doing 之前加上 not
Not seeing John, I asked where he was.
11.8.1.5 过去分词的一般式
过去分词的一般式 通常用done来表示
Given enough time, he could finish the job on time.
11.8.1.5.1 过去分词的否定式
done 前加上 not
Not given enough time , he couldn't finish the job on time.
11.9.非谓语动词
11.9.1复习： 长难句硬核方法论
1.抓住干(连词、动词、介词)
2.非主干 **
3.从句关系
11.9.2非主干
非主干—句型结构 在英文句子中，一句话只能有一个谓语V
1._______ S(主）+V(谓语）+(宾语）
（1）分词结构 非谓语
when I finish my homework(第一个句子) ,I start to watch TV.(第二个句子)
难——> 省略
finishing my homework, I start to watch TV
因为 两个句子主语是一样的，所以可以省略 ,但省略之后就只有一个主语，而句子中有两个谓语动词，所以需要改变句子的谓语动词为非谓语动词，改变的方法看谓语动词是主动还是被动或者不确定的动作来改成非谓语动词
非谓语动词3种形式
1. V ——ed 过去分词结构 （被动）
2. V——ing 现在分词结构 （主动）
3. to do 不定式结构 （不确定）
如：
When he was sentenced (被动) to death , he went to prison
变成
Sentenced to death , he went to prison.
12构词法
12.1派生法
| 构词法 | 内容 | |||
| 派生法 | 否定前缀 | dis | 不，无，非 | disadvantage，disagree，discomfort |
| in | incorrect，indirect，inability | |||
| Im | impolite，impossible，impatient | |||
| un | unknown，unable，uncomfortable | |||
| il | illegal，illiterate，illogical | |||
| ir | irregular，irrelevant，irresistible | |||
| 表其他意思的前缀 | re | 一再，反复 | rebuild，review，return | |
| en | 使……，变得 | enlarge，enable，enrich | ||
| mis | 坏，错误 | misunderstand，misuse，mistreat | ||
| inter | 关系 | Internet，international，interact | ||
| tele | 远程的 | telephone，television，telegram | ||
| 名词后缀 人，状态，过程，性质等。 | er,or(n) | writer，inventor，pianist | ||
| ment | movement | |||
| th | growth | |||
| tion-sion | collection，decision | |||
| ness | quickness | |||
| 形容词后缀 | able | 能够……的 | comfortable | |
| less | 无，没有，不 | useless | ||
| ly(个别) | 具有……的性质 | friendly | ||
| ful | successful | |||
| ive | creative | |||
| ous | famous | |||
| 副词后缀 | ly | quickly | ||
12.2合成法
| 合成法 | 合成形容词 | world-famous | 名词+形容词 |
| warm-hearted | 形容词+过去分词 | ||
| good-looking | 形/副 +现在分词 | ||
| first class | 数词+名词 | ||
| 10 - month - old | 数词+名词+形容词 | ||
| 合成名词 | classroom | 名词+名词 | |
| cookbook | 动词+名词 | ||
| reading-room | 现在分词+名词 | ||
| downpour | 副词+动词 | ||
| mother-in-law | 名词+介词+名词 | ||
| 合成动词 | overthrow | 副词+动词 | |
| whitewash | 形容词+动词 | ||
| typewriter | 名词+动词 |
12.3转化法
| 转化法 | 动词—>名词 | 意思无变化 | Let me have a try | |
| Let's go for a drive | ||||
| 意思有变化 | He was about the same build as his brother | same形容词+build（体型) 名词 | ||
| Women have an equal say in everything | equal 形容词+say(话语权) 名词 | |||
| 名词——>动词 | 许多表示物体的名词用作动词来表示动作 | Have you booked your ticket | booked 名词转化为动词 预订 | |
| It can seat 1000 people | seat 名词 转化为动词 容纳 | |||
| 一些表示身体某部位的名词也可以作为动词 | Hand in your book please | hand 传递 | ||
| We will back you up | back 支持 | |||
| 形容词——>动词 | 有少数形容词也可以用作动词 | The train slowed down to half its speed | slowed 变慢 | |
| This will help warm up the soil | warm 使温暖 | |||
| Don't dirty your clothes | dirty 弄脏 | |||
| His hair is beginning to grey | grey 变灰 |
13常见易混淆词义辨析
13.1 clothes，cloth ， clothing
| clothes | 衣服统称(复数名词) |
| cloth | 布，布料（不可数) |
| clothing | 衣服总称(不可数集体名词) |
13.2 family，house ，home
| family | 家庭成员 |
| house | 房子，住宅 |
| home | 家，包括住处和家人 |
13.3 sound，voice，noisy
| sound | 自然界各种各样的声音 |
| voice | 人的嗓音 |
| noisy | 噪音 |
13.4 road，street，path，way
| road | 具体的公路，马路 |
| street | 两边有店铺的街道 |
| path | 小路，小径 |
| way | 道路，途径 |
13.5 speech ，talk，lecture
| speech | 公开的演讲 |
| talk | 日常的谈话 |
| lecture | 学术的演说 |
13.6 work， job
| work | 工作，不可数名词 |
| job | 工作，可数名词 |
13.7 problem，question
| problem | 难以解决的问题 |
| question | 需要寻找答案的问题 |
13.8 sleeping，asleep，sleepy
| sleeping | 在睡觉的，作定语或表语 |
| asleep | 睡着了的，入睡的，作表语 |
| sleepy | 困倦的，作定语或表语 |
13.9 receive，accept
| receive | 收到，但是不一定接受(客观上） |
| accept | 从心里接受(主观上) |
13.10 look，see，watch
| look | 看起来(系动词，接形容词做表语) |
| look at | 朝……看，强调看的方向 |
| see | 强调看见的结果 |
| watch | 观看 尤其指看电视，看球赛等 |
13.11 borrow，lend
| borrow | 借，为终止性动词，借入，常用短语 borrow sth from sb |
| lend | 借，为终止性动词，借出 常用短语 lend sth to sb |
13.12 lonely ，alone
| lonely | 独自的 无感情色彩 |
| alone | 孤独的 有感情色彩 |
13.13 incident ，accident
| incident | 日常小事 有预谋的政治事件 |
| accident | 无法预料的事故或灾难 |
13.14 amount ， number
| an amount of | 大量的，+不可数名词 |
| a number of | 大量的，+可数名词复数 |
| the number of | ……的数量+v单 |
| a number of | 许多+v复 |
13.15 weather，climate
| weather | 具体的阴晴雨雪，短时间的天气变化 |
| climate | 一个地区长时间的天气情况 |
13.16 course，subject
| course | 课程 |
| subject | 科目(可包括多门科目) |
13.17 pleasant，pleased，pleasing
| pleasant 定语 | 令人愉快的，常作定语 |
| pleased 人 | 感到愉快，常作表语 |
| pleasing 物 | 令人愉快，合意的，常作表语 |
13.18 lie ，lay
| lie | 1 v 撒谎 lie-lied-lied ，2 躺 lie -lay -lain 3 位于 |
| lay | 1 v 下蛋 lay-laid-laid 2 摆放 |
| 口诀 | 规则的撒谎，不规则的躺，躺过就蛋，累的出了汗 |
13.19 hurt，injure，wound
| hurt | 受伤，即指肉体，也可指精神 |
| injure | 指意外事故中损害健康等 |
| wound | 指刀伤、枪伤、刺伤等皮肉伤 |
13.20 rapid，fast，quick，soon
| rapid | 物体或事物变化的很快 |
| fast | 物体的运动速度很快 |
| quick | 表示动作很快，很敏捷 |
| soon | 不久，即刻，马上 |
14.实意动词和非实意动词
14.1实意动词
有真实动作存在的动词
实力动词分为 一般动词、感官动词、使役动词
14.1.1 感官动词
14.1.1.1定义
表示人的感官的动作
| 五看 | see，notice，look at，watch，observe |
| 三听 | listen to，hear，sound |
| 一感 | feel |
| 一尝 | taste |
| 一闻 | smell |
14.1.1.2基本用法
1.除look，listen只用作vi外其他即可vi，也可vt
2.look、smell、taste可直接作名词，与have/take构成短语
have/take a look/smell/taste
Let's have a look(n.) at the picture
The place has a pretty look(n.)
14.1.1.3特殊用法
1.look、sound、smell、taste、feel……+adj 作表语
You don't look good. What‘s the matter？
2.可接like短语，like后常用名词
3.look/sound/feel + as if +从句 看起来/听起来/感觉好像
It looks as if he is angry
4感官系动词无被动语态
5.感官系动词无进行时态
14.1.1.4+do/doing的区别
感官动词+sb.+do——>表动作完整性、真实性(全过程，经常)
感官动词+sb+doing——>表动作连续性、进行性（正在进行)
Do you often hear John to sing in his room？
Yes. listen！Now we can hear him singing in his room
14.1.2使役动词
14.1.2.1定义
表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的动词(make，let，have，get，leave，etc)
14.1.2.2用法
| make用法总结 | |
| 用法 | 举例 |
| make sb do sth(让某人做某事) | Bobo made her dog do homeword every day. |
| make sb/sth +adj (使某人/物……) | Have I made myself clear? |
| get的用法总结 | |
| 用法 | 举例 |
| get sb to do sth (让某人去做某事) | Bobo got her dog to do home word every day. |
| get sb/sth doing sth 让某人持续做某事/处于一种状态 | Bobo got her dog laughing all through lunch. |
| get sth done (过去分词) 让……被做 (强调被动性动作) | Bobo got the car started 发动了小汽车 |
| have的用法总结 | |
| 用法 | 举例 |
| have sb to do sth (让某人去做某事) | Bobo had her dog to do home word every day. |
| have sb doing sth 让某人持续做某事/处于一种状态 | Bobo had her dog laughing all through lunch. |
| have sth done (过去分词) (某事让别人去做) | Bobo has the car washed every week |
| keep的用法总结 | |
| 用法 | 举例 |
| keep sb. doing sth 使某人处于做某事状态 | I'm sorry to have kept you washing for so long |
| keep sth. +adj/adv 使……处于特定状态 | Please keep the clean. |
Do you know how to keep healthy(adj) and enjoy life？
| leave的用法总结 | |
| 用法 | 举例 |
| get/leave sb. to do sth 让某人做某事 | Leave him to do it himself |
| leave sb.doing sth 让某人做某事 | Bobo left(过去式) him standing in the rain |
| leave sth. +adj/adv/prep 使……处于特定状态 | Who left the door open? |
14 非实意动词
没有真实动作存在的动词
非实意动词分为 be动词、情态动词、助动词
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