时态语法~

 1.时态

 时态分为16种时态

	过去	现在	将来	过去将来
进行
完成
进行完成
一般

2.一般时态

2.1 一般现在时

2.1.1 定义

1. 表示经常性 或习惯性 的动作或存在的状态

2. 表示客观事实 或普遍真理

2.1.2 构成

主语 + do / does  +其他             主语 +  be(am,is are) +其他

2.1.3 动词第三人称单数变化

一般动词后+s	stop——stops   make——makes read
以 ch 、sh、s、x、o，结尾的动词，在词尾加-es	miss——misses  fix——fixes teach——teaches  wash——washes        go——goes    do ——does
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y改i加es	study——studies  worry——worries
特殊变化	have——has

2.1.4 标志词

always、often、usually、sometimes、every day、never、on Sundays、once a day

口诀 总经常 有每有  复星周

2.1.5句型转换

2.1.5.1一般现在时改为否定句

TFboys like singing very much             TFboys  don't like singing very much

主+don't + do + 其他

My sister likes TFboys very much.       My sister doesn't  like  TFboys very much

主（三单) + doesn't + do + 其他          助动词后面必须加动词原形

TFboys are very popular  in China       TFboys aren't  very popular in China

主+be（am，is，are)+not+其他

2.1.5.2 一般现在时改为疑问句

TFboys like singing very much          Do TFboys like singing very much ?

Do+主+do +其他                                         回答：谁提问谁回答 Yes，主+ do.  No, 主+don't

My sister likes TFboys very much.    Does your sister like TFboys very much? 

Does + 主（三单）+ do + 其他           回答：Yes,主+does.  No，主+doesn't.

TFboys are very popular  in China     Are  TFboys  very popular  in China? 

Be （Am，Is，Are）+主+其他           回答：Yes，主+be. No，主+be not(缩写)

2.1.5.3 一般现在时改为特殊疑问句

Wendy often teaches English on line on Sundays.

对主语提问：特殊疑问句+do/does/be+其他

对非主语提问：特殊疑问句+（ do/does/be+主+其他）一般疑问句

Who often teaches English on line on Sundays？

What does Wendy often do on line on Sundays?

When does Wendy often teach English on line？

2.1.6 特殊点

1.客观真理永一现

The sum rises in the east

2 if 引导条件状语从句 主将从现 

I will tell him the news   /  if he comes tomorrow

2.2 一般过去时

2.2.1定义

1.过去某个时间里发生的动作

2.过去经常性/习惯性的动作

2.2.2 构成

主+ v(过去式)

2.2.3 过去式的四种构成方法

1.规则变化

直	+ed	work——>worked  stay——>stayed  want——>wanted
去	去e（不发音的e)+ed	hope——>hoped  believe——>believed  decide——>decided
双	双读闭音节或者以辅元辅结尾 双写辅音字母+ed	stop——>stopped admit——>admitted  refer——>referred
改	以辅音+y结尾变y为i+ed	study——>studied  try——>tried  worry——>worried

2,不规则变化

原形	过去式	过去分词		原形	过去式	过去分式
am/is	was	been		dive	dived / (美) dove	dived
are	were	been		do/does	did	done
awake	awoke	awoken		draw	drew	drawn
bear	bore	borne		dream	dreamt/dreamed	dreamt/dreamed
beat	beat	beaten		drink	drank	drunk
become	became	become		drive	drove	driven
blow	blew	blown		eat	ate	eaten
begin	began	begun		fall	fell	fallen
break	broke	broken		feed	fed	fed
bring	brought	brought		feel	felt	felt
build	built	built		fight	fought	fought
burn	burnt/burned	burnt/burned		find	found	found
buy	bought	bought		fly	flew	flown
can	could	——		forget	forgot	forgotten
catch	caught	caught		freeze	froze	frozen
choose	chose	chosen		give	gave	given
come	came	come		go	went	gone
cost	cost	cost		grow	grew	grown
cut	cut	cut		hang 悬挂	hung	hung
lose	lost	lost		hang 绞死	hanged	hanged
have/has	had	had		make	made	made
hear	heard	heard		may	might	——
hide	hid	hidden		mean	meant	meant
hold	held	held		meet	met	met
hurt	hurt	hurt		mistake	mistook	mistaken
keep	kept	kept		pay	paid	paid
know	knew	known		put	put	put
lay	laid	laid		read	rode	ridden
lead	led	led		ride	rode	ridden
learn	learnt/learned	learnt/learned		ring	rang	rung
lend	lent	lent		rise	rose	risen
hit	hit	hit		run	ran	run
let	let	let		say	said	said
lie 躺	lay	lain		see	saw	seen
lie 撒谎	lied	lied		seek	sought	sought
light	lighted/lit	lighted/lit		sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent		set	set	set
steal	stole	stolen		stick	stuck	stuck
shake	shook	shaken		strike	struck	struck/stricken
shall	should	——		sweep	swept	swept
shine 发光	shone	shone		swim	swam	swum
shine 擦亮	shined	shined		swimg	swung	swung
shoot	shot	shot		take	took	taken
show	showed	shown/showed		teach	taught	taught
shut	shut	shut		tear	tore	torn
sing	sang	sung		tell	told	told
sink	sank	sunk		think	thought	thought
sit	sat	sat		throw	threw	thrown
sleep	slept	slept		upset	upset	upset
smell	smelt/smelled	smelt/smelled		wake	woke	woken
speak	spoke	spoken		wear	wore	worn
speed	sped/speeded	sped/speeded		will	would	——
spell	spelt/spelled	spelt/spelled		win	won	won
spend	spent	spent		wind	wound	wound
stand	stood	stood		write	wrote	written

2.2.4标志词

yesterday、last、ago、in、when 昨天上个xx前 in加年份when字连

2.2.5特殊点

1.表示过去经常做的事，也要用一般过去式

2.be used to + doing  习惯于做某事   

   used to +do 过去常常做某事

   be used to +do  被用于做某事

2.2.6句型变化

                                             一般过去式改为否定句

People killed about 1700 tigers in China           People didn't kill about 1700 tigers in China

主语+didn't + do

Many people were sad to see the dead bodies of tigers   

Many people weren't sad to see the dead bodies of tigers 

主语+wasn‘t/ weren't + 其他

                                            一般过去式改为一般疑问句

People killed about 1700 tigers in China        Did People kill about 1700 tigers in China ？

Did+主语 +do                                                  回答： Yes，they did.   No, they didn't.

Many people were sad to see the dead bodies of tigers 

Were Many people were sad to see the dead bodies of tigers ?

Were/Was +主语+其他                                    回答： Yes，they were.   No, they weren't.

                                           一般过去式改为特殊疑问句

People killed about 1700 tigers     in China     in the 1950s

对主语提问：特殊疑问词+V（过去式）+其他

1.Who killed about 1700 tigers in China in the China？  

对非主语提问:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

2.How many tigers did People kill  in China in the 1950s? 

3.Where did People kill about 1700 tigers  in the 1950s?

4.When  did People kill   about 1700 tigers in China in 

2.3一般将来时

2.3.1定义

1.将来某时会发生的动作

2.将来计划打算做的动作

2.3.2构成

主语+will  、  be going  to +do、 shall

2.3.4标志词

tomorrow next after      明天下个xx后 in+时段表将来

2.3.4

2.3.4.1 will/shall 区别

shall： 第一人称         will ：任何人称

2.3.4.2 will/be going to 区别

will  ：客观现实    临时决定       无迹象

be going to ：主观判断 计划打算  有迹象

2.3.5特殊用法

Tom is leaving for France next Sunday（leave)

come、arrive、leave、go(move)、begin、start、stop、die

（来来去去、开始停止)  通常用进行时表将来

If you go（go) I will follow (follow)  tomorrow

常见的引导从句 if，unless，as soon as，not……until，when，before，after

主将从现表将来

2.3.6句型变化

                                        一般将来时改为否定句

He will have many wrinkles in 20 years.     He will not(won't) have many wrinkles in 20 years

主语+will not （won't）+do

I am going to retire at 60.                            I am not going to retire at 60.   

主语+be(am,is,are)+not + going to do

I shall get a job at 22.                                 I shall not(shan't) get a job at 22.

主语+shall not （shan't）+do

                                         一般将来时改为一般疑问句

He will have many wrinkles in 20 years.      will  He  have many wrinkles in 20 years？

  will + 主语+do                                              回答：Yes ，he will ，No ， he won't

I am going to retire at 60.                             Are you going to retire at 60?

Be(Am,Is,Are)+主语+going to do                      Yes，I am     No ，I am not

 We shall go to the park.                              Shall we go to the park?

Shall+主语+do                                              Yes，we shall       No，we shan't       

                                        一般将来时改为特殊疑问句 

 Liu Dehua  will have   many  wrinkles in 20 years.

 Liu Dehua  will have   many  wrinkles in 20 years.

对主语提问：特殊疑问句+will/be+其他

1.Who will have many wrinkles in 20 years?

对非主语提问： 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

2.What will   Liu Dehua have in 20 years?

3.How soon will Liu Dehua have  many  wrinkles? 

2.4过去将来时

2.4.1定义

定义：从过去某时看，将要发生的动作或状态

一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中

2.4.2构成

1. was/were going to + 动词原形

2.would/should + 动词原形

He told me he was going to visit the summer Palace.

 He told me he would visit the summer Palace.

2.4.3用法

1.was/were going to do/would do 表示计划或安排即将发生的事.

He told me he was going to finish housework.

He told me he would finish housework.

2.表示过去的某种习惯性行为，只用would

Whenever we had trouble，she would come to help us.

3.was/were about to do 表示”正要，即将“。

She was about to buy a gold ring.

4.was/were to do 未曾实现的意图或打算.

The building was to be completed next month.

5.was/were on the point of doing 表示 ”正要……时“

I was on the point of sleeping when you came in.

6.某些动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时(瞬间动词)

He said the airplane was leaving at seven the next morning.

7.was/were due to do 表示 “正要，即将”

She was due to graduate in July.

3.进行时态

3.1现在进行时

3.1.1定义

1，表示此时此刻正在进行的动作

2，表示最近一段时间一直进行的动作      说话时未必正在做

3.1.2构成

主语+be(am、is、are)+doing(现在分词）

3.1.3动词现在分词变化

直 +ing	work——working          walk——walking
去  去掉e,+ing(词尾不发音的e)	dance——dancing   smiling
双 重读闭音节(即辅元辅结尾重读)	run——running   swim——swimming
改   改词尾ie为y+ing	die——dying

3.1.4标志词

now、at the moment  、at present、these days、this month   时间类

look、listen 、be careful、look out、where is Tom？、I can't find him  情景类

3.1.5特殊点

1.go、leave、arrive、start、come……

The  bus in coming soon (come)    现在进行时表将来

2.与always、frequently等副词连用

She is always finding fault with others.  表感情色彩

3.无进行的词、感官动词 smell、look、feel、taste、sound

Listen, that song sounds nice (sound)

3.1.6句型转换

                                         现在进行时改为否定句

Lady gaga is taking a shopping  bag in a department store now   

Lady gaga isn't  taking a shopping  bag in a department store now 

否定句：am、is、are+not

                                          现在进行时改为一般疑问句

 Lady gaga is taking a shopping  bag in a department store now   

Is Lady gaga  taking a shopping  bag in a department store now ？

一般疑问句：am、is、are提到主语前

                                           现在进行时改为特殊疑问句

Lady gaga is taking a shopping  bag in a department store now 

对主语提问 特殊疑问词+谓语+其他

1.Who is taking a shopping  bag in a department store now?

对非主语提问：特殊疑问句+一般疑问词

2.What is she taking in the department now？

3.Where is she taking a shopping bag now？

3.2过去进行时

3.2.1定义

表示过去某个时间点正在进行的动作

3.2.2构成

be(was，were)+V—ing

3.2.3标志词

then、at that time、at 6:00 last Sunday、at this time yesterday、when 引导的状语从句

3.2.4特殊点

1.基本用法过去某个时间点正在进行的动作

2.两个动作都发生在过去，同时发生，有长有短，长的用过去进行时，短的用一般过去式

I  was walking when a dog rushed towards me.

3.两个过去的动作同时进行，都长，都用过去进行时

I was eating while my mother was riding

4.没有明显时间/时间状语的语境题

A : What‘t the matter？You look sad.

B: Oh, nothing much. in fact,  I was thinking of my friends back home.

5.宾语从句中现在进行变过去进行

He said he was playing mobile game at nine o'clock yesterday evening. 

3.2.5句型变化

                                    过去进行时改为否定句

This time yesterday Jack was doing homework.

This time yesterday Jack wasn't doing homework.

否定句：am、is、are+not

                             

                                    过去进行时改为一般疑问句

This time yesterday XH was doing homework.

Was XH doing homework this time yesterday?

 一般疑问句: Was、Were……+V—ing

                                   过去进行时改为特殊疑问句

XH was watching TV this time yesterday?

What was XH doing this time yesterday?

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

3.3将来进行时

3.3.1定义

定义：表示未来某个时刻正在进行或持续的动作

a：What will you be doing this time next year?

b：By this time next year，I‘ll be lying on the beach

常用时间状语 ：soon 、on Sunday、by this time(在这个时候以前) tomorrow、in two days等

3.3.2结构

结构：will/shall be +现在分词(V-ing)

3.3.3用法

1.在将来某一时间正在进行的动作

I'll be lying on the beach soon.

2.表示对将来的预测

after you take your holidays，you will be feeling much better.

3.表示对将来的打算

I’ll be studying harder after my holidays.

4.可以代替一般将来时，表示一种已经决定的情况/动作将持续但未完成.

1.I will be seeing my good friend tomorrow.(已经决定)

2.I think we will be chatting until next morning.(动作将持续但未完成)

5.语气更加委婉

How long will you be staying here?

6.表示原因或结果

Please don't come tomorrow afternoon,I'll be having a meeting then(原因)

Catch the man or he will be running away.(结果)

7.表示某种可能或推测，”我料想“ ”我估计“

The roses will be coming out soon.

3.3.4与一般将来时的区别

一般将来时：有意图、意愿   I'll do my best

将来进行时：无意图、意愿   I‘ll be doing my best

3.4过去将来进行时

3.4.1定义

定义：1.表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作

           2.计划中的事

1.She said she would be looking after you.

2.We would be going to my hometown next day.

3.4.2构成

构成：would/should be +现在分词

3.4.3用法

1.常用于宾语从句中

He said he would be waiting for the mail.

2.也可用于定语从句中

The building they would be building was the highest in the world.

3.也可用于状语从句中

He would come to see you off as you would be leaving home.

4.常表示计划中的事，不表示主观打算

Next Saturday we would be taking a holiday.

4.完成时态

4.1现在完成时

4.1.1定义

过去发生的动作对现在有影响

动作从过去延续到现在，可能还要持续下去

4.1.2构成

主语+have/has+done(过去分词)

4.1.3动词过去分词变化

直+ed	work——worked  cook——cooked
去e+ed(以不发音的e结尾)	live——lived  taste——tasted
双+ed(重读闭音节单词需双写最后一个辅音字母，在加ed	stop——stopped  drop——dropped
改y为i+ed	cry——cried  study——studied  die——died

4.1.4时间标志词

1. for & since

for+时间段(动作持续了一段时间)

since+时间点(动作开始于什么时候)

2. already(已经） 和 yet(尚未)

already——>肯定句

yet——>否定/疑问句

3.ever 和 never

多用于否定/疑问句，分别表示曾经和从未等

4.before和ago

before——>现在完成时

ago——>一般过去时

5.in the past …… year 和 in the past

in the past …… year——> 现在完成时

I  have taught（teach） a lot of students in the past 10 years。

in the past  ——>  一般过去时

I taught（teach）a lot of students in the past.

6.   just  和 just now

just ——>现在完成时

I have just had （have）my dinner

just now (刚才)——>一般过去时

I had （have）my dinner just now.

4.1.5特殊点

1.have/has been to

have/has gone to

have/has been in        的区别

have been to——>去过       

常与ever，never，……，before，once，twice等连用

have gone to——>去了

可能在途中/已经到达

have been in ——>已在某地(呆了多久) = have stayed in

2.瞬间动词不与for，since，how long 连用

瞬间动词若转换成表状态的延续性动词可接段时间

瞬间动词	延续性动词
arrive/reach	be
begin/start	be  on
borrow	keep
buy	have
die	be dead
join	be in
leave	be away from

3.when和how long

when……？+一般过去时

how long……？+现在完成时

4.1.6句型转换

句型	现在完成时
肯定	Mao Mao has lived here for 2 years.
否定  主+ haven’t / hasn't + done	Mao Mao hasn't lived here for 2 years.
一般疑问 Have/has + 主+done+……   Yes，主+have/has.    No, 主+haven’t / hasn't	Has Mao Mao lived here for 2 years.
肯定	Mao Mao has lived here for 2 years.
特殊疑问  对主语提问：特殊疑问词+have/has+done+…… 对非主语提问：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 注意：for+段时间要用how long来提问	How long has Mao Mao lived here?

4.2过去完成时

4.2.1定义

在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作——过去的过去。

4.2.2构成

主+had+done（过去分词）   had相当于助动词的作用

4.2.3标志词

1.时间终结型

 by the time+句子（一过)

by+一过时间

（when，before，after，etc.)  

2,宾随主变型:

在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句中

1.She says （she was slim before) 宾语从句 (be)  现在的过去 一般过去时

2.She said (had been slim before.) 宾语从句 (be)  过去的过去，过去完成时

  

4.2.4做题方法

两过先过完，过去的过去用过去完成时，现在的过去用过去一般时

4.2.5句型转换

句型	基本结构
肯定句	主语+had done +其他
否定句	主语+had not done +其他
一般疑问句	Had +主语+done +其他？ 肯定回答：Yes，主语+had 否定回答：No，主语+hadn't
特殊疑问句	特殊疑问词/词组+一般疑问句

4.3将来完成时

4.3.1定义

定义：表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作

常用时间状语：by+将来时间，before等

4.3.2构成

构成：will/shall have +过去分词

They will have graduated from university before 2024.

They will have been married for 6 years be then.

4.3.3用法

1.将来某时之前已经完成的动作

By the time you arrive，I will have done my homework.

2.一个持续到将来某时的动作

By next month , I will have recited 5000 words.

3.对现在或将来已完成动作的推测

He is a somebody now. He will have forgotten his old friends.

4.4过去将来完成时

4.4.1定义

定义：表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作

4.4.2构成

构成：would have+done

I thought they would have graduated from university by then.

David would have become a pianist if he had not been injured in the accident.

4.4.3用法

1.从过去某一时间来看将来某时已经完成的动作

I thought that he would have done his homework by seven o’clock.

2.用于虚拟语气中与过去事实相反

从句——>过去完成时(had+过去分词)

主句——>过去将来完成时(would+have+过去分词)

If I had known that you were coming I would have met you at the airport.(实际上没有接)

5.完成进行时

5.1现在完成进行时

5.1.1定义

定义：动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在或者刚刚终止，或者可能持续下去.

5.1.2构成

构成：have/has +been +现在分词

I‘m so tired . I have been drawing the picture all morning.

I have been living in ChengDu for 5 year.

常用时间状语：since，for ，all this time，this week，all night等

5.1.3用法

1.表示一个持续到现在的动作

It has been raining all day.

2.表示重复性动作(断断续续地重复，不是一直进行)

She has been losing things all the time.

3.表示长时间地做某事

The boy has been playing computers for a long time.

4.表示感情色彩(强烈地表扬或厌恶等)

She has been cheating me the time we knew.

5.1.4与现在完成时地区别

1.有时可以换用

I have waited for you for an four.

I have been waited for you for an four.

2.共同点 ：从过去开始一直持续到现在

3.现在完成时：已完成

   现在完成进行时：持续并可能继续持续下去

I have read this book

I have been reading this book.

5.2过去完成进行时

5.2.1定义

定义：动作从过去的过去开始一直延续到过去某个时间点

           在过去某个时间点时，这个动作可能刚刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。

5.2.2构成

构成：had been +现在分词

I didn't know you had been waiting for me.

常用时间状语：before，since等

5.2.3用法

1.表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作

I had been looking for my cat for days before I found it.

2.表示反复的动作

She had been mentioning her cat's name to me.

3.常用于间接引语中

My mother asked what he had been eating.

5.2.4与过去完成时的区别

过去完成时：已完成

过去完成进行时：持续并可能继续持续下去

I had already read this book.

I had been reading this book.

5.2.5与现在完成进行时的区别

相同点：都强调动作在某段时间里的持续性

过去完成进行时：强调对过去某一时刻的结果

现在完成进行时：强调对现在某一时间的结果

I have been sleeping for 10 hours.

I had been sleeping when my mom telephoned me.

5.3将来完成进行时

5.3.1定义

定义：表示将来某时、某事之前已在发生的动作，一直延续到将来某一时间，是否延续下去

           要视上下文而定

5.3.2构成

构成：will/shall  have been + 现在分词

常用时间状语：by+将来的时间等

By the time the sun sets，i will have been working for 10 hours.

He will have been having treatment all her life.

5.3.3用法

1.现在到将来的某一时间段内一直做某事，没有停过，后面一般有时间段的限制

By the end of this year he‘ll have been acting for thirty years.

2.will还可以当情态动词，表示推测或猜想

They will have been having a holiday next week.

5.3.4与将来完成时的区别

将来完成时：动作已完成强调结果

将来完成进行时：动作一直持续

By the end of the mouth he will have been working here for ten years.(状态)

By the end of the mouth ,he will have worked here for ten years. (结果）

5.4过去将来完成进行时

5.4.1定义

定义：表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间

            动作是否继续下去，由上下文决定

5.4.2构成

构成：would/should have been +现在分词

I heard by July you'd have been living here for ten years.

He said by that time he would have been working there for 30 years.

5.4.3用法

1.常用于转述方面，即间接引语中

She told me she'd have been teaching in that university for 20 years by that summer.

2.在特定的语境中，有时可用虚拟语气，表示我现在本来应该做……

If it wasn't because of you, I would have been playing with my dog at home