Assignment | 04-week1 -Convolutional Neural Networks: Step by Step Part_1

该系列仅在原课程基础上课后作业部分添加个人学习笔记，如有错误，还请批评指教。在学习了 Andrew Ng 课程的基础上，为了更方便的查阅复习，将其整理成文字。因本人一直在学习英语，所以该系列以英文为主，同时也建议读者以英文为主，中文辅助，以便后期进阶时，为学习相关领域的学术论文做铺垫。- ZJ

Coursera 课程 |deeplearning.ai |网易云课堂

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转载请注明作者和出处：ZJ 微信公众号-「SelfImprovementLab」

知乎：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/c_147249273

CSDN：http://blog.csdn.net/junjun_zhao/article/details/79203124

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Welcome to Course 4’s first assignment! In this assignment, you will implement convolutional (CONV) and pooling (POOL) layers in numpy, including both forward propagation and (optionally) backward propagation. 使用 numpy 实现卷积层和池化层

Notation:
- Superscript $[l]$ denotes an object of the $l^{th}$ layer. 层
- Example: $a^{[4]}$ is the $4^{th}$ layer activation.第4层激活函数 $W^{[5]}$ and $b^{[5]}$ are the $5^{th}$ layer parameters. 第5 层参数

• Superscript $(i)$ denotes an object from the $i^{th}$ example. 样本

  • Example: $x^{(i)}$ is the $i^{th}$ training example input.第 i 个样本输入

• Lowerscript $i$ denotes the $i^{th}$ entry of a vector.

  • Example: $a^{[l]}_i$ denotes the $i^{th}$ entry of the activations in layer $l$, assuming this is a fully connected (FC) layer.表示在 第 $l$ 层的 激活函数的 第 i 项，假设全连接层的情况下。

• $n_H$, $n_W$ and $n_C$ denote respectively the height, width and number of channels of a given layer. 输入层的高宽和信道。 If you want to reference a specific layer $l$, you can also write $n_H^{[l]}$, $n_W^{[l]}$, $n_C^{[l]}$.

• $n_{H_{prev}}$, $n_{W_{prev}}$ and $n_{C_{prev}}$ denote respectively the height, width and number of channels of the previous layer.前一层 If referencing a specific layer $l$, this could also be denoted $n_H^{[l-1]}$, $n_W^{[l-1]}$, $n_C^{[l-1]}$.

We assume that you are already familiar with numpy and/or have completed the previous courses of the specialization. Let’s get started!

1 - Packages

Let’s first import all the packages that you will need during this assignment.
- numpy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python.在 Python 中用于科学计算的基本的库
- matplotlib is a library to plot graphs in Python.绘画
- np.random.seed(1) is used to keep all the random function calls consistent. It will help us grade your work.

import numpy as np
import h5py
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (5.0, 4.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'

%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

np.random.seed(1)

The autoreload extension is already loaded. To reload it, use:
  %reload_ext autoreload

2 - Outline of the Assignment 作业大纲

You will be implementing the building blocks of a convolutional neural network! Each function you will implement will have detailed instructions that will walk you through the steps needed:构建一个卷积神经网络的基本模块

• Convolution functions, including: 卷积层包括
  
  • Zero Padding
  • Convolve window
  • Convolution forward
  • Convolution backward (optional)
• Pooling functions, including:池化层包括
  
  • Pooling forward
  • Create mask
  • Distribute value
  • Pooling backward (optional)

This notebook will ask you to implement these functions from scratch in numpy. In the next notebook, you will use the TensorFlow equivalents of these functions to build the following model:

Note that for every forward function, there is its corresponding backward equivalent. Hence, at every step of your forward module you will store some parameters in a cache. These parameters are used to compute gradients during backpropagation.

3 - Convolutional Neural Networks

Although programming frameworks make convolutions easy to use, they remain one of the hardest concepts to understand in Deep Learning. A convolution layer transforms an input volume into an output volume of different size, as shown below. 虽然一些框架 如 TensorFlow 使得 卷积神经网络使用起来更加简单，他们仍然在深度学习最难理解的概念之一。

In this part, you will build every step of the convolution layer. You will first implement two helper functions: one for zero padding and the other for computing the convolution function itself.

3.1 - Zero-Padding

Zero-padding adds zeros around the border of an image:

Figure 1 : Zero-Padding
Image (3 channels, RGB) with a padding of 2.

The main benefits of padding are the following:

• It allows you to use a CONV layer without necessarily shrinking the height and width of the volumes. This is important for building deeper networks, since otherwise the height/width would shrink as you go to deeper layers. An important special case is the “same” convolution, in which the height/width is exactly preserved after one layer. 可以使用卷积层，但不用缩小高和宽，对于构建比较深层次的神经网络很有用，

• It helps us keep more of the information at the border of an image. Without padding, very few values at the next layer would be affected by pixels as the edges of an image.保留了图像边缘的信息

Exercise: Implement the following function, which pads all the images of a batch of examples X with zeros. Use np.pad. Note if you want to pad the array “a” of shape $(5,5,5,5,5)$ with pad = 1 for the 2nd dimension, pad = 3 for the 4th dimension and pad = 0 for the rest, you would do:

a = np.pad(a, ((0,0), (1,1), (0,0), (3,3), (0,0)), 'constant', constant_values = (..,..))

# GRADED FUNCTION: zero_pad

def zero_pad(X, pad):
    """
    Pad with zeros all images of the dataset X. The padding is applied to the height and width of an image, 
    as illustrated in Figure 1.

    Argument:
    X -- python numpy array of shape (m, n_H, n_W, n_C) representing a batch of m images
    pad -- integer, amount of padding around each image on vertical and horizontal dimensions

    Returns:
    X_pad -- padded image of shape (m, n_H + 2*pad, n_W + 2*pad, n_C)
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line)
    X_pad = np.pad(X, ((0, 0),(pad, pad),(pad, pad),(0, 0)),'constant')
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    return X_pad

np.random.seed(1)
x = np.random.randn(4, 3, 3, 2)
x_pad = zero_pad(x, 2)
print ("x.shape =", x.shape)
print ("x_pad.shape =", x_pad.shape)
print ("x[1,1] =", x[1,1])
print ("x_pad[1,1] =", x_pad[1,1])

fig, axarr = plt.subplots(1, 2)
# 画图 一行 两列
axarr[0].set_title('x')
axarr[0].imshow(x[0,:,:,0])
axarr[1].set_title('x_pad')
axarr[1].imshow(x_pad[0,:,:,0])

x.shape = (4, 3, 3, 2)
x_pad.shape = (4, 7, 7, 2)
x[1,1] = [[ 0.90085595 -0.68372786]
 [-0.12289023 -0.93576943]
 [-0.26788808  0.53035547]]
x_pad[1,1] = [[0. 0.]
 [0. 0.]
 [0. 0.]
 [0. 0.]
 [0. 0.]
 [0. 0.]
 [0. 0.]]





<matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x170321a7a90>

Expected Output:

**x.shape**:	(4, 3, 3, 2)
**x_pad.shape**:	(4, 7, 7, 2)
**x[1,1]**:	[[ 0.90085595 -0.68372786] [-0.12289023 -0.93576943] [-0.26788808 0.53035547]]
**x_pad[1,1]**:	[[ 0. 0.] [ 0. 0.] [ 0. 0.] [ 0. 0.] [ 0. 0.] [ 0. 0.] [ 0. 0.]]

3.2 - Single step of convolution

In this part, implement a single step of convolution, in which you apply the filter to a single position of the input. This will be used to build a convolutional unit, which:

• Takes an input volume
• Applies a filter at every position of the input
• Outputs another volume (usually of different size)

Figure 2 : Convolution operation
with a filter of 2x2 and a stride of 1 (stride = amount you move the window each time you slide)

In a computer vision application, each value in the matrix on the left corresponds to a single pixel value, and we convolve a 3x3 filter with the image by multiplying its values element-wise with the original matrix, then summing them up. In this first step of the exercise, you will implement a single step of convolution, corresponding to applying a filter to just one of the positions to get a single real-valued output.

Later in this notebook, you’ll apply this function to multiple positions of the input to implement the full convolutional operation.

Exercise: Implement conv_single_step(). Hint.

# GRADED FUNCTION: conv_single_step

def conv_single_step(a_slice_prev, W, b):
    """
    Apply one filter defined by parameters W on a single slice (a_slice_prev) of the output activation 
    of the previous layer.

    Arguments:
    a_slice_prev -- slice of input data of shape (f, f, n_C_prev)
    W -- Weight parameters contained in a window - matrix of shape (f, f, n_C_prev)
    b -- Bias parameters contained in a window - matrix of shape (1, 1, 1)

    Returns:
    Z -- a scalar value, result of convolving the sliding window (W, b) on a slice x of the input data
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
    # Element-wise product between a_slice and W. Add bias.
    s = np.multiply(a_slice_prev, W) + b
    # Sum over all entries of the volume s
    Z = np.sum(s) 
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    return Z

# 错误 ；
# 1.  s = np.multiply(a_slice_prev, W) + b 
# 2.Z = np.sum(s) 

np.random.seed(1)
a_slice_prev = np.random.randn(4, 4, 3)
W = np.random.randn(4, 4, 3)
b = np.random.randn(1, 1, 1)

Z = conv_single_step(a_slice_prev, W, b)
print("Z =", Z)

Z = -23.16021220252078

Expected Output:

**Z**

-23.1602122025

3.3 - Convolutional Neural Networks - Forward pass

In the forward pass, you will take many filters and convolve them on the input. Each ‘convolution’ gives you a 2D matrix output. You will then stack these outputs to get a 3D volume:

Exercise: Implement the function below to convolve the filters W on an input activation A_prev. This function takes as input A_prev, the activations output by the previous layer (for a batch of m inputs), F filters/weights denoted by W, and a bias vector denoted by b, where each filter has its own (single) bias. Finally you also have access to the hyperparameters dictionary which contains the stride and the padding.

Hint:
1. To select a 2x2 slice at the upper left corner of a matrix “a_prev” (shape (5,5,3)), you would do:

a_slice_prev = a_prev[0:2,0:2,:]

This will be useful when you will define a_slice_prev below, using the start/end indexes you will define.
2. To define a_slice you will need to first define its corners vert_start, vert_end, horiz_start and horiz_end. This figure may be helpful for you to find how each of the corner can be defined using h, w, f and s in the code below.

Figure 3 : Definition of a slice using vertical and horizontal start/end (with a 2x2 filter)
This figure shows only a single channel.

Reminder:
The formulas relating the output shape of the convolution to the input shape is:

$$n_H = \lfloor \frac{n_{H_{prev}} - f + 2 \times pad}{stride} \rfloor +1$$
$$n_W = \lfloor \frac{n_{W_{prev}} - f + 2 \times pad}{stride} \rfloor +1$$
$$n_C = \text{number of filters used in the convolution}$$

For this exercise, we won’t worry about vectorization, and will just implement everything with for-loops.

# GRADED FUNCTION: conv_forward

def conv_forward(A_prev, W, b, hparameters):
    """
    Implements the forward propagation for a convolution function

    Arguments:
    A_prev -- output activations of the previous layer, numpy array of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)
    W -- Weights, numpy array of shape (f, f, n_C_prev, n_C)
    b -- Biases, numpy array of shape (1, 1, 1, n_C)
    hparameters -- python dictionary containing "stride" and "pad"

    Returns:
    Z -- conv output, numpy array of shape (m, n_H, n_W, n_C)
    cache -- cache of values needed for the conv_backward() function
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    # Retrieve dimensions from A_prev's shape (≈1 line)  
    (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev) = A_prev.shape

    # Retrieve dimensions from W's shape (≈1 line)
    (f, f, n_C_prev, n_C) = W.shape

    # Retrieve information from "hparameters" (≈2 lines)
    stride = hparameters['stride']
    pad = hparameters['pad']

    # Compute the dimensions of the CONV output volume using the formula given above. Hint: use int() to floor. (≈2 lines)
    n_H = 1 + int((n_H_prev + 2 * pad - f) / stride)
    n_W = 1 + int((n_W_prev + 2 * pad - f) / stride)
    # Initialize the output volume Z with zeros. (≈1 line)
    Z = np.zeros((m, n_H, n_W, n_C))

    # Create A_prev_pad by padding A_prev
    A_prev_pad = zero_pad(A_prev, pad)

    for i in range(m):                               # loop over the batch of training examples
        a_prev_pad = A_prev_pad[i]                      # Select ith training example's padded activation
        for h in range(n_H):                           # loop over vertical axis of the output volume
            for w in range(n_W):                       # loop over horizontal axis of the output volume
                for c in range(n_C):                   # loop over channels (= #filters) of the output volume

                    # Find the corners of the current "slice" (≈4 lines)
                    # h 从 0 到 n_H   * stride  则为每次最新移动的位置                
                    vert_start = h * stride
                    # 根据起始位置 vert_start  + f 加上 filters 的 高 则为结束位置                  
                    vert_end = vert_start + f
                    horiz_start = w * stride
                    horiz_end = horiz_start + f

                    # Use the corners to define the (3D) slice of a_prev_pad (See Hint above the cell). (≈1 line)
                    a_slice_prev = a_prev_pad[vert_start:vert_end,horiz_start:horiz_end,:]

                    # Convolve the (3D) slice with the correct filter W and bias b, to get back one output neuron. (≈1 line)
                    #  之前写的 conv_single_step helper function 是为了计算卷积的每一步，计算完成后，依次赋值给 Z[i, h, w, c] 矩阵 Z 对应的具体位置                   
                    Z[i, h, w, c] = conv_single_step(a_slice_prev, W[:, :, :, c],b[:, :, :, c])
                    # 多维的 循环计算，要注意维度 取值                    

    ### END CODE HERE ###

    # Making sure your output shape is correct
    assert(Z.shape == (m, n_H, n_W, n_C))

    # Save information in "cache" for the backprop
    cache = (A_prev, W, b, hparameters)

    return Z, cache

np.random.seed(1)
A_prev = np.random.randn(10,4,4,3)
W = np.random.randn(2,2,3,8)
b = np.random.randn(1,1,1,8)
hparameters = {"pad" : 2,
               "stride": 1}

Z, cache_conv = conv_forward(A_prev, W, b, hparameters)
print("Z's mean =", np.mean(Z))
print("cache_conv[0][1][2][3] =", cache_conv[0][1][2][3])

Z's mean = 0.15585932488906465
cache_conv[0][1][2][3] = [-0.20075807  0.18656139  0.41005165]

Expected Output:

**Z’s mean**	0.155859324889
**cache_conv[0][1][2][3]**	[-0.20075807 0.18656139 0.41005165]

Finally, CONV layer should also contain an activation, in which case we would add the following line of code:

# Convolve the window to get back one output neuron
Z[i, h, w, c] = ...
# Apply activation
A[i, h, w, c] = activation(Z[i, h, w, c])

You don’t need to do it here.

4 - Pooling layer

The pooling (POOL) layer reduces the height and width of the input. It helps reduce computation, as well as helps make feature detectors more invariant to its position in the input. The two types of pooling layers are:

• Max-pooling layer: slides an ($f, f$) window over the input and stores the max value of the window in the output. 最大池化层

• Average-pooling layer: slides an ($f, f$) window over the input and stores the average value of the window in the output.平均池化层




These pooling layers have no parameters for backpropagation to train.没有参数需要训练 However, they have hyperparameters such as the window size $f$. This specifies the height and width of the fxf window you would compute a max or average over.

4.1 - Forward Pooling

Now, you are going to implement MAX-POOL and AVG-POOL, in the same function.

Exercise: Implement the forward pass of the pooling layer. Follow the hints in the comments below.

Reminder:
As there’s no padding, the formulas binding the output shape of the pooling to the input shape is:

$$n_H = \lfloor \frac{n_{H_{prev}} - f}{stride} \rfloor +1$$

$$n_W = \lfloor \frac{n_{W_{prev}} - f}{stride} \rfloor +1$$
$$n_C = n_{C_{prev}}$$

# GRADED FUNCTION: pool_forward

def pool_forward(A_prev, hparameters, mode = "max"):
    """
    Implements the forward pass of the pooling layer

    Arguments:
    A_prev -- Input data, numpy array of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)
    hparameters -- python dictionary containing "f" and "stride"
    mode -- the pooling mode you would like to use, defined as a string ("max" or "average")

    Returns:
    A -- output of the pool layer, a numpy array of shape (m, n_H, n_W, n_C)
    cache -- cache used in the backward pass of the pooling layer, contains the input and hparameters 
    """

    # Retrieve dimensions from the input shape
    (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev) = A_prev.shape

    # Retrieve hyperparameters from "hparameters"
    f = hparameters["f"]
    stride = hparameters["stride"]

    # Define the dimensions of the output
    n_H = int(1 + (n_H_prev - f) / stride)
    n_W = int(1 + (n_W_prev - f) / stride)
    n_C = n_C_prev

    # Initialize output matrix A
    A = np.zeros((m, n_H, n_W, n_C))              

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    for i in range(m):                         # loop over the training examples
        for h in range(n_H):                     # loop on the vertical axis of the output volume
            for w in range(n_W):                 # loop on the horizontal axis of the output volume
                for c in range (n_C):            # loop over the channels of the output volume

                    # Find the corners of the current "slice" (≈4 lines)
                    vert_start = h * stride
                    vert_end = vert_start + f
                    horiz_start = w * stride 
                    horiz_end = horiz_start + f

                    # Use the corners to define the current slice on the ith training example of A_prev, channel c. (≈1 line)
                    a_prev_slice = A_prev[i, vert_start:vert_end, horiz_start:horiz_end, c]

                    # Compute the pooling operation on the slice. Use an if statment to differentiate the modes. Use np.max/np.mean.
                    if mode == "max":
                        A[i, h, w, c] = np.max(a_prev_slice)
                    elif mode == "average":
                        A[i, h, w, c] = np.mean(a_prev_slice)

    ### END CODE HERE ###

    # Store the input and hparameters in "cache" for pool_backward()
    cache = (A_prev, hparameters)

    # Making sure your output shape is correct
    assert(A.shape == (m, n_H, n_W, n_C))

    return A, cache

np.random.seed(1)
A_prev = np.random.randn(2, 4, 4, 3)
hparameters = {"stride" : 1, "f": 4}

A, cache = pool_forward(A_prev, hparameters)
print("mode = max")
print("A =", A)
print()
A, cache = pool_forward(A_prev, hparameters, mode = "average")
print("mode = average")
print("A =", A)

mode = max
A = [[[[1.74481176 1.6924546  2.10025514]]]


 [[[1.19891788 1.51981682 2.18557541]]]]

mode = average
A = [[[[-0.09498456  0.11180064 -0.14263511]]]


 [[[-0.09525108  0.28325018  0.33035185]]]]

Expected Output:

A =	[[[[ 1.74481176 1.6924546 2.10025514]]] [[[ 1.19891788 1.51981682 2.18557541]]]]
A =	[[[[-0.09498456 0.11180064 -0.14263511]]] [[[-0.09525108 0.28325018 0.33035185]]]]

Congratulations! You have now implemented the forward passes of all the layers of a convolutional network.

The remainer of this notebook is optional, and will not be graded.

5 - Backpropagation in convolutional neural networks (OPTIONAL / UNGRADED)

In modern deep learning frameworks, you only have to implement the forward pass, and the framework takes care of the backward pass, so most deep learning engineers don’t need to bother with the details of the backward pass. The backward pass for convolutional networks is complicated. If you wish however, you can work through this optional portion of the notebook to get a sense of what backprop in a convolutional network looks like.
现代深度学习框架，会自己实现反向传播，我们需要的只是实现前向传播就可以，卷积神经网络的反向传播比较复杂，这个可以自己试试实现下
When in an earlier course you implemented a simple (fully connected) neural network, you used backpropagation to compute the derivatives with respect to the cost to update the parameters. Similarly, in convolutional neural networks you can to calculate the derivatives with respect to the cost in order to update the parameters. The backprop equations are not trivial and we did not derive them in lecture, but we briefly presented them below.

5.1 - Convolutional layer backward pass

Let’s start by implementing the backward pass for a CONV layer.

5.1.1 - Computing dA:

This is the formula for computing $dA$ with respect to the cost for a certain filter $W_c$ and a given training example:

$$dA += \sum _{h=0} ^{n_H} \sum_{w=0} ^{n_W} W_c \times dZ_{hw} \tag{1}$$

Where $W_c$ is a filter and $dZ_{hw}$ is a scalar corresponding to the gradient of the cost with respect to the output of the conv layer Z at the hth row and wth column (corresponding to the dot product taken at the ith stride left and jth stride down). Note that at each time, we multiply the the same filter $W_c$ by a different dZ when updating dA. We do so mainly because when computing the forward propagation, each filter is dotted and summed by a different a_slice. Therefore when computing the backprop for dA, we are just adding the gradients of all the a_slices.

In code, inside the appropriate for-loops, this formula translates into:

da_prev_pad[vert_start:vert_end, horiz_start:horiz_end, :] += W[:,:,:,c] * dZ[i, h, w, c]

5.1.2 - Computing dW:

This is the formula for computing $dW_c$ ($dW_c$ is the derivative of one filter) with respect to the loss:

$$dW_c += \sum _{h=0} ^{n_H} \sum_{w=0} ^ {n_W} a_{slice} \times dZ_{hw} \tag{2}$$

Where $a_{slice}$ corresponds to the slice which was used to generate the acitivation $Z_{ij}$. Hence, this ends up giving us the gradient for $W$ with respect to that slice. Since it is the same $W$, we will just add up all such gradients to get $dW$.

In code, inside the appropriate for-loops, this formula translates into:

dW[:,:,:,c] += a_slice * dZ[i, h, w, c]

5.1.3 - Computing db:

This is the formula for computing $db$ with respect to the cost for a certain filter $W_c$:

$$db = \sum_h \sum_w dZ_{hw} \tag{3}$$

As you have previously seen in basic neural networks, db is computed by summing $dZ$. In this case, you are just summing over all the gradients of the conv output (Z) with respect to the cost.

In code, inside the appropriate for-loops, this formula translates into:

db[:,:,:,c] += dZ[i, h, w, c]

Exercise: Implement the conv_backward function below. You should sum over all the training examples, filters, heights, and widths. You should then compute the derivatives using formulas 1, 2 and 3 above.

def conv_backward(dZ, cache):
    """
    Implement the backward propagation for a convolution function

    Arguments:
    dZ -- gradient of the cost with respect to the output of the conv layer (Z), numpy array of shape (m, n_H, n_W, n_C)
    cache -- cache of values needed for the conv_backward(), output of conv_forward()

    Returns:
    dA_prev -- gradient of the cost with respect to the input of the conv layer (A_prev),
               numpy array of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)
    dW -- gradient of the cost with respect to the weights of the conv layer (W)
          numpy array of shape (f, f, n_C_prev, n_C)
    db -- gradient of the cost with respect to the biases of the conv layer (b)
          numpy array of shape (1, 1, 1, n_C)
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    # Retrieve information from "cache"
    (A_prev, W, b, hparameters) = cache

    # Retrieve dimensions from A_prev's shape
    (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev) = A_prev.shape

    # Retrieve dimensions from W's shape
    (f, f, n_C_prev, n_C) = W.shape

    # Retrieve information from "hparameters"
    stride = hparameters['stride']
    pad = hparameters['pad']

    # Retrieve dimensions from dZ's shape
    (m, n_H, n_W, n_C) = dZ.shape

    # Initialize dA_prev, dW, db with the correct shapes
    dA_prev = np.zeros((m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev))                           
    dW = np.zeros((f, f, n_C_prev, n_C))
    db = np.zeros((1, 1, 1, n_C))

    # Pad A_prev and dA_prev
    A_prev_pad = zero_pad(A_prev, pad)
    dA_prev_pad = zero_pad(dA_prev, pad)

    for i in range(m):                       # loop over the training examples

        # select ith training example from A_prev_pad and dA_prev_pad
        a_prev_pad = A_prev_pad[i]
        da_prev_pad = dA_prev_pad[i]

        for h in range(n_H):                   # loop over vertical axis of the output volume
            for w in range(n_W):               # loop over horizontal axis of the output volume
                for c in range(n_C):           # loop over the channels of the output volume

                    # Find the corners of the current "slice"
                    vert_start = h * stride
                    vert_end = vert_start + f
                    horiz_start = w * stride
                    horiz_end = horiz_start + f

                    # Use the corners to define the slice from a_prev_pad
                    a_slice = a_prev_pad[vert_start:vert_end, horiz_start:horiz_end, :]

                    # Update gradients for the window and the filter's parameters using the code formulas given above
                    da_prev_pad[vert_start:vert_end, horiz_start:horiz_end, :] += W[:, :, :, c] * dZ[i, h, w, c]
                    dW[:,:,:,c] += a_slice * dZ[i, h, w, c]
                    db[:,:,:,c] += dZ[i, h, w, c]

        # Set the ith training example's dA_prev to the unpaded da_prev_pad (Hint: use X[pad:-pad, pad:-pad, :])
        dA_prev[i, :, :, :] = dA_prev_pad[i, pad:-pad, pad:-pad, :] # 反向传播 dA
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    # Making sure your output shape is correct
    assert(dA_prev.shape == (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev))

    return dA_prev, dW, db

np.random.seed(1)
dA, dW, db = conv_backward(Z, cache_conv)
print("dA_mean =", np.mean(dA))
print("dW_mean =", np.mean(dW))
print("db_mean =", np.mean(db))

dA_mean = 9.608990675868995
dW_mean = 10.581741275547566
db_mean = 76.37106919563735

* Expected Output: *

**dA_mean**	9.60899067587
**dW_mean**	10.5817412755
**db_mean**	76.3710691956

5.2 Pooling layer - backward pass

Next, let’s implement the backward pass for the pooling layer, starting with the MAX-POOL layer. Even though a pooling layer has no parameters for backprop to update, you still need to backpropagation the gradient through the pooling layer in order to compute gradients for layers that came before the pooling layer.

5.2.1 Max pooling - backward pass

Before jumping into the backpropagation of the pooling layer, you are going to build a helper function called create_mask_from_window() which does the following:

$$X = \begin{bmatrix} 1 && 3 \\ 4 && 2 \end{bmatrix} \quad \rightarrow \quad M =\begin{bmatrix} 0 && 0 \\ 1 && 0 \end{bmatrix}\tag{4}$$

As you can see, this function creates a “mask” matrix which keeps track of where the maximum of the matrix is. True (1) indicates the position of the maximum in X, the other entries are False (0). You’ll see later that the backward pass for average pooling will be similar to this but using a different mask.

Exercise: Implement create_mask_from_window(). This function will be helpful for pooling backward.
Hints:
- np.max() may be helpful. It computes the maximum of an array.
- If you have a matrix X and a scalar x: A = (X == x) will return a matrix A of the same size as X such that:

A[i,j] = True if X[i,j] = x
A[i,j] = False if X[i,j] != x

• Here, you don’t need to consider cases where there are several maxima in a matrix.

def create_mask_from_window(x):
    """
    Creates a mask from an input matrix x, to identify the max entry of x.

    Arguments:
    x -- Array of shape (f, f)

    Returns:
    mask -- Array of the same shape as window, contains a True at the position corresponding to the max entry of x.
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈1 line) 返回一个矩阵 mask 大小和 矩阵x 的size一样，里面的每一个值都是，0 或 1
    mask = (x == np.max(x))
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    return mask

np.random.seed(1)
x = np.random.randn(2,3)
mask = create_mask_from_window(x)
print('x = ', x)
print("mask = ", mask)

x =  [[ 1.62434536 -0.61175641 -0.52817175]
 [-1.07296862  0.86540763 -2.3015387 ]]
mask =  [[ True False False]
 [False False False]]

Expected Output:

**x =**	[[ 1.62434536 -0.61175641 -0.52817175] [-1.07296862 0.86540763 -2.3015387 ]]
**mask =**	[[ True False False] [False False False]]

Why do we keep track of the position of the max? It’s because this is the input value that ultimately influenced the output, and therefore the cost. Backprop is computing gradients with respect to the cost, so anything that influences the ultimate cost should have a non-zero gradient. So, backprop will “propagate” the gradient back to this particular input value that had influenced the cost.

5.2.2 - Average pooling - backward pass

In max pooling, for each input window, all the “influence” on the output came from a single input value–the max. In average pooling, every element of the input window has equal influence on the output. So to implement backprop, you will now implement a helper function that reflects this.

For example if we did average pooling in the forward pass using a 2x2 filter, then the mask you’ll use for the backward pass will look like:

$$dZ = 1 \quad \rightarrow \quad dZ =\begin{bmatrix} 1/4 && 1/4 \\ 1/4 && 1/4 \end{bmatrix}\tag{5}$$

This implies that each position in the $dZ$ matrix contributes equally to output because in the forward pass, we took an average.

Exercise: Implement the function below to equally distribute a value dz through a matrix of dimension shape. Hint

def distribute_value(dz, shape):
    """
    Distributes the input value in the matrix of dimension shape

    Arguments:
    dz -- input scalar
    shape -- the shape (n_H, n_W) of the output matrix for which we want to distribute the value of dz

    Returns:
    a -- Array of size (n_H, n_W) for which we distributed the value of dz
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    # Retrieve dimensions from shape (≈1 line)
    (n_H, n_W) = shape

    # Compute the value to distribute on the matrix (≈1 line) 求平均数
    average = dz / (n_H * n_W)

    # Create a matrix where every entry is the "average" value (≈1 line) 先都初始化为 1 然后都乘以平均数，则为 一个 数值都相同为 平均数的矩阵
    a = np.ones(shape) * average
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    return a

a = distribute_value(2, (2,2))
print('distributed value =', a)

distributed value = [[0.5 0.5]
 [0.5 0.5]]

Expected Output:

distributed_value =

[[ 0.5 0.5]

5.2.3 Putting it together: Pooling backward

You now have everything you need to compute backward propagation on a pooling layer.

Exercise: Implement the pool_backward function in both modes ("max" and "average"). You will once again use 4 for-loops (iterating over training examples, height, width, and channels). You should use an if/elif statement to see if the mode is equal to 'max' or 'average'. If it is equal to ‘average’ you should use the distribute_value() function you implemented above to create a matrix of the same shape as a_slice. Otherwise, the mode is equal to ‘max‘, and you will create a mask with create_mask_from_window() and multiply it by the corresponding value of dZ.

def pool_backward(dA, cache, mode = "max"):
    """
    Implements the backward pass of the pooling layer

    Arguments:
    dA -- gradient of cost with respect to the output of the pooling layer, same shape as A
    cache -- cache output from the forward pass of the pooling layer, contains the layer's input and hparameters 
    mode -- the pooling mode you would like to use, defined as a string ("max" or "average")

    Returns:
    dA_prev -- gradient of cost with respect to the input of the pooling layer, same shape as A_prev
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ###

    # Retrieve information from cache (≈1 line)
    (A_prev, hparameters) = cache

    # Retrieve hyperparameters from "hparameters" (≈2 lines)
    stride = hparameters['stride']
    f = hparameters['f']

    # Retrieve dimensions from A_prev's shape and dA's shape (≈2 lines)
    m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev = A_prev.shape
    m, n_H, n_W, n_C = dA.shape

    # Initialize dA_prev with zeros (≈1 line) 我不过脑子的吗，dA_prev 的 size 肯定是要和 A_prev 的size 一样的啊
    dA_prev = np.zeros_like(A_prev)

    for i in range(m):                       # loop over the training examples

        # select training example from A_prev (≈1 line)
        a_prev = A_prev[i]

        for h in range(n_H):                   # loop on the vertical axis
            for w in range(n_W):               # loop on the horizontal axis
                for c in range(n_C):           # loop over the channels (depth)

                    # Find the corners of the current "slice" (≈4 lines)
                    vert_start = h * stride
                    vert_end = vert_start + f
                    horiz_start = w * stride
                    horiz_end = horiz_start + f

                    # Compute the backward propagation in both modes.
                    if mode == "max":

                        # Use the corners and "c" to define the current slice from a_prev (≈1 line) 获取 a_prev 中的指定的一小块
                        a_prev_slice = a_prev[vert_start:vert_end, horiz_start:horiz_end, c]
                        # Create the mask from a_prev_slice (≈1 line) 前面获取了指定的一小部分窗口内的数据，然后使用下面的方法找到里面的最大值
                        mask = create_mask_from_window(a_prev_slice)
                        #   mask 存储的都是 true or false  相当于 1  0 mask  乘以 下面的  dA 则有影响的位置留下，没影响的去掉                     
                        # Set dA_prev to be dA_prev + (the mask multiplied by the correct entry of dA) (≈1 line)
                        dA_prev[i, vert_start: vert_end, horiz_start: horiz_end, c] += mask * dA[i, vert_start, horiz_start, c]

                    elif mode == "average":

                        # Get the value a from dA (≈1 line)
                        da = dA[i,vert_start, horiz_start, c]
                        # Define the shape of the filter as fxf (≈1 line)
                        shape = (f,f)
                        # Distribute it to get the correct slice of dA_prev. i.e. Add the distributed value of da. (≈1 line)
                        dA_prev[i, vert_start: vert_end, horiz_start: horiz_end, c] += distribute_value(da, shape)

    ### END CODE ###

    # Making sure your output shape is correct
    assert(dA_prev.shape == A_prev.shape)

    return dA_prev

np.random.seed(1)
A_prev = np.random.randn(5, 5, 3, 2)
hparameters = {"stride" : 1, "f": 2}
A, cache = pool_forward(A_prev, hparameters)
dA = np.random.randn(5, 4, 2, 2)

dA_prev = pool_backward(dA, cache, mode = "max")
print("mode = max")
print('mean of dA = ', np.mean(dA))
print('dA_prev[1,1] = ', dA_prev[1,1])  
print()
dA_prev = pool_backward(dA, cache, mode = "average")
print("mode = average")
print('mean of dA = ', np.mean(dA))
print('dA_prev[1,1] = ', dA_prev[1,1]) 

mode = max
mean of dA =  0.14571390272918056
dA_prev[1,1] =  [[ 0.          0.        ]
 [ 5.05844394 -1.68282702]
 [ 0.          0.        ]]

mode = average
mean of dA =  0.14571390272918056
dA_prev[1,1] =  [[ 0.08485462  0.2787552 ]
 [ 1.26461098 -0.25749373]
 [ 1.17975636 -0.53624893]]

Expected Output:

mode = max:

**mean of dA =**	0.145713902729
**dA_prev[1,1] =**	[[ 0. 0. ] [ 5.05844394 -1.68282702] [ 0. 0. ]]

mode = average

**mean of dA =**	0.145713902729
**dA_prev[1,1] =**	[[ 0.08485462 0.2787552 ] [ 1.26461098 -0.25749373] [ 1.17975636 -0.53624893]]

Congratulations !

Congratulation on completing this assignment. You now understand how convolutional neural networks work. You have implemented all the building blocks of a neural network. In the next assignment you will implement a ConvNet using TensorFlow.

http://blog.csdn.net/ljp1919/article/details/78826601

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