Linux | Command Line Learning Note

Redirect standard input and standard output

cat oceans.txt > continents.txt   
:'overwrite all original content in contines.txt using oceans.txt
将oceans.txt里的内容覆写入continents.txt中'

cat glaciers.txt >> rivers.txt   
:'the output data of rivers.txt will contain the original contents
of rivers.txt with the content of glaciers.txt appended to it.
将glaciers.txt中的内容加到rivers.txt中'

cat < lakes.txt 
:'Redirect the contents of lakes.txt as standard input for the cat command.
等价于cat lakes.txt 查看lakes.txt中的内容'

cat volcanoes.txt | wc 
:'the wc command outputs the number of lines, words, and characters in volcanoes.txt, respectively.
wc命令分别输出volcanoes.txt中的行数、字数和字符数'

cat volcanoes.txt | wc | cat > islands.txt
:'将cat volcanoes.txt | wc的结果输入到islands.txt中'

 

sort lakes.txt
:'sort takes the standard input and orders it alphabetically for the standard output. 
Here, the lakes in sort lakes.txt are listed in alphabetical order.
将lakes.txt中的内容按字母表顺序排列'

cat lakes.txt | sort > sorted-lakes.txt
:'Here, the command takes the standard output from cat lakes.txt and "pipes" it to sort.
The standard output of sort is redirected to sorted-lakes.txt.
将lakes.txt中的内容按字母表顺序排列输出到sorted-lakes.txt中，lakes.txt中的内容不变'

uniq deserts.txt
:'filters out adjacent, duplicate lines in a file.
将deserts.txt中的相邻且重复的行滤除'

sort deserts.txt | uniq > uniq-deserts.txt
:'Here by piping sort deserts.txt to uniq, all duplicate lines 
are alphabetized (and thereby made adjacent) and filtered out.
先将deserts.txt中的内容按字母表顺序排列再滤除重复的内容行，最后输出到uniq-deserts.txt中'

grep Mount mountains.txt
:'grep stands for "global regular expression print".  It searches files for lines 
that match a pattern and returns the results. It is also case sensitive.
从mountains.txt中搜索到带有Mount的内容行(对大小写敏感)'

grep -i Mount mountains.txt
:'grep -i enables the command to be case insensitive
对大小写不敏感'

grep -R Arctic /home/ccuser/workspace/geography
:'grep -R searches all files in a directory and outputs filenames and lines containing matched results.
搜索/home/ccuser/workspace/geography中的所有文件，输出内容中带Arctic的文件名和内容行'

grep -Rl Arctic /home/ccuser/workspace/geography
:'grep -Rl searches all files in a directory and outputs only filenames with matched results.
搜索/home/ccuser/workspace/geography中的所有文件，输出内容中带Arctic的文件名'

sed 's/snow/rain/' forests.txt
:'In this case, sed searches forests.txt for the word "snow" and replaces it with "rain." 
Importantly, the above command will only replace the first instance of "snow" on a line.
把forests.txt中带有snow的内容行中的第一个snow换成rain'

sed 's/snow/rain/g' forests.txt
:'Here sed searches forests.txt for the word "snow" and replaces it with "rain", globally.
把forests.txt中带snow的内容行中的snow换成rain'

Generalizations:

Redirection reroutes standard input, standard output, and standard error.

• >

  redirects standard output of a command to a file, overwriting previous content.

• >> 

  redirects standard output of a command to a file, appending new content to old content.

• <

   redirects standard input to a command.

• |

   redirects standard output of a command to another command.

A number of other commands are powerful when combined with redirection commands:

• sort: sorts lines of text alphabetically.
• uniq: filters duplicate, adjacent lines of text.
• grep: searches for a text pattern and outputs it.
• sed : searches for a text pattern, modifies it, and outputs it.

ENVIRONMENT

nano hello.txt
:'nano is a command line text editor. It works just like a desktop text editor like TextEdit or Notepad, 
except that it is accessible from the command line and only accepts keyboard input.
The command nano hello.txt opens a new text file named hello.txt in the nano text editor.'

nano ~/.bash_profile
:"~/.bash_profile is the name of file used to store environment settings. It is commonly called the "bash profile". 
When a session starts, it will load the contents of the bash profile before executing commands.
The ~ represents the user's home directory.
The . indicates a hidden file.
The command nano ~/.bash_profile opens up ~/.bash_profile in nano.
可以在~/.bash_profile中配置命令"

在~/.bash_profile中写入echo "Welcome, Jane Doe"。就相当于cmd脚本
在~/.bash_profile中写入alias pd="pwd" 保存后用source激活可以用pd代替pwd命令

source ~/.bash_profile
:'执行~/.bash_profile中的脚本，激活~/.bash_profile做的更改。'

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