考虑到驱动代码的重用性,linux采用驱动分隔思想,将主机驱动与设备驱动分隔开来,采用统一的接口通信。
一般地,设备驱动已经由半导体厂家开发完毕,我们只需要提供设备信息,如IO复用、电器属性等等。
主机驱动通过设备树获取设备信息,来初始化设备。
简单的讲,驱动只管驱动,设备负责设备,通过设备树经行匹配。
以上即为,linux总线、驱动、设备模型,常说的驱动分离。
Platform 平台驱动模型
linux根据驱动分隔思想提出了Platform虚拟总线,其分为platform_driver和platform_device。
- platform_device
include/linux/device.h
/**
* struct device_driver - The basic device driver structure
* @name: Name of the device driver.
* @bus: The bus which the device of this driver belongs to.
* @owner: The module owner.
* @mod_name: Used for built-in modules.
* @suppress_bind_attrs: Disables bind/unbind via sysfs.
* @of_match_table: The open firmware table.
* @acpi_match_table: The ACPI match table.
* @probe: Called to query the existence of a specific device,
* whether this driver can work with it, and bind the driver
* to a specific device.
* @remove: Called when the device is removed from the system to
* unbind a device from this driver.
* @shutdown: Called at shut-down time to quiesce the device.
* @suspend: Called to put the device to sleep mode. Usually to a
* low power state.
* @resume: Called to bring a device from sleep mode.
* @groups: Default attributes that get created by the driver core
* automatically.
* @pm: Power management operations of the device which matched
* this driver.
* @p: Driver core's private data, no one other than the driver
* core can touch this.
*
* The device driver-model tracks all of the drivers known to the system.
* The main reason for this tracking is to enable the driver core to match
* up drivers with new devices. Once drivers are known objects within the
* system, however, a number of other things become possible. Device drivers
* can export information and configuration variables that are independent
* of any specific device.
*/
struct device_driver {
const char *name;
struct bus_type *bus;
struct module *owner;
const char *mod_name; /* used for built-in modules */
bool suppress_bind_attrs; /* disables bind/unbind via sysfs */
const struct of_device_id *of_match_table;
const struct acpi_device_id *acpi_match_table;
int (*probe) (struct device *dev);
int (*remove) (struct device *dev);
void (*shutdown) (struct device *dev);
int (*suspend) (struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume) (struct device *dev);
const struct attribute_group **groups;
const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;
struct driver_private *p;
};
struct platform_device {
const char *name;
int id;
bool id_auto;
struct device dev;
u32 num_resources;
struct resource *resource;
const struct platform_device_id *id_entry;
char *driver_override; /* Driver name to force a match */
/* MFD cell pointer */
struct mfd_cell *mfd_cell;
/* arch specific additions */
struct pdev_archdata archdata;
};
- platform_driver
struct platform_driver {
int (*probe)(struct platform_device *);
int (*remove)(struct platform_device *);
void (*shutdown)(struct platform_device *);
int (*suspend)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume)(struct platform_device *);
struct device_driver driver;
const struct platform_device_id *id_table;
bool prevent_deferred_probe;
};
编写platform驱动需要定义platform_driver结构体。
platform 通过 id_table 进行驱动设备匹配。匹配成功后执行probe函数,一般为驱动初始化程序,需要自己编写。 模块加载中通过platform_driver_register向linux内核注册platform驱动。
#define platform_driver_register(drv) \
__platform_driver_register(drv, THIS_MODULE)
extern int __platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *,
struct module *);
extern void platform_driver_unregister(struct platform_driver *);
platform driver驱动框架:
/* 设备结构体 */
struct xxx_dev{
struct cdev cdev;
/* 设备结构体其他具体内容 */
};
struct xxx_dev xxxdev; /* 定义个设备结构体变量 */
static int xxx_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
/* 函数具体内容 */
return 0;
}
static ssize_t xxx_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t cnt, loff_t *offt)
{
/* 函数具体内容 */
return 0;
}
/*
* 字符设备驱动操作集
*/
static struct file_operations xxx_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = xxx_open,
.write = xxx_write,
};
/*
* platform 驱动的 probe 函数
* 驱动与设备匹配成功以后此函数就会执行
*/
static int xxx_probe(struct platform_device *dev)
{
......
cdev_init(&xxxdev.cdev, &xxx_fops); /* 注册字符设备驱动 */
/* 函数具体内容 */
return 0;
}
static int xxx_remove(struct platform_device *dev)
{
......
cdev_del(&xxxdev.cdev);/* 删除 cdev */
/* 函数具体内容 */
return 0;
}
/* 匹配列表 */
static const struct of_device_id xxx_of_match[] = {
{ .compatible = "xxx-gpio" },
{ /* Sentinel */ }
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, leds_of_match);
/*
* platform 平台驱动结构体
*/
static struct platform_driver xxx_driver = {
.driver = {
.name = "xxx",
.of_match_table = xxx_of_match,
},
.probe = xxx_probe,
.remove = xxx_remove,
};
/* 驱动模块加载 */
static int __init xxxdriver_init(void)
{
return platform_driver_register(&xxx_driver);
}
/* 驱动模块卸载 */
static void __exit xxxdriver_exit(void)
{
platform_driver_unregister(&xxx_driver);
}
module_init(xxxdriver_init);
module_exit(xxxdriver_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("tom");
platform device 框架
1.设备树描述
设备节点
gpioled {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <1>;
compatible = "atkalpha-gpioled";
pinctrl-names = "default";
pinctrl-0 = <&pinctrl_led>;
led-gpio = <&gpio1 3 GPIO_ACTIVE_LOW>;
status = "okay";
};
设备驱动通过compatible判断是否匹配。
2.使用platform_device描述
以前linux不支持设备树,通过platform_device_register注册到linux内核中。
extern int platform_device_register(struct platform_device *);
extern void platform_device_unregister(struct platform_device *);
使用platform_device框架
/* 寄存器地址定义*/
#define PERIPH1_REGISTER_BASE (0X20000000) /* 外设 1 寄存器首地址 */
#define PERIPH2_REGISTER_BASE (0X020E0068) /* 外设 2 寄存器首地址 */
#define REGISTER_LENGTH 4
/* 资源 */
static struct resource xxx_resources[] = {
[0] = {
.start = PERIPH1_REGISTER_BASE,
.end = (PERIPH1_REGISTER_BASE + REGISTER_LENGTH - 1),
.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM,
},
[1] = {
.start = PERIPH2_REGISTER_BASE,
.end = (PERIPH2_REGISTER_BASE + REGISTER_LENGTH - 1),
.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM,
},
};
/* platform 设备结构体 */
static struct platform_device xxxdevice = {
.name = "xxx-gpio",
.id = -1,
.dev = {
.open = ,
.release = ,
......
},
.num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(xxx_resources),
.resource = xxx_resources,
};
/* 设备模块加载 */
static int __init xxxdevice_init(void)
{
return platform_device_register(&xxxdevice);
}
/* 设备模块注销 */
static void __exit xxx_resourcesdevice_exit(void)
{
platform_device_unregister(&xxxdevice);
}
module_init(xxxdevice_init);
module_exit(xxxdevice_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("tom")
platform驱动加载成功后,在 /sys/bus/platform/drivers/ 目录下生成 .driver.name(“xxx-gpio”) 目录。