[python]：使用描述器的两种用法，装饰器和特殊函数

描述器即主要对属性的设置，获取，删除操作进行绑定，在对属性的处理上能使代码更优雅一丢。实现上主要有两种方式：1.用描述符对属性进行装饰；2.在类中重写特殊方法，对类中的所有实例属性的操作进行绑定

• 装饰器：@property, @x.setter, @x.deleter

例如对于一个pizza类，有价格，口味，大小，形状等属性，使用描述符装饰price和size：

class Pizza:
    def __init__(self,size,shape,price,flavor):
        self.size=size
        self.shape=shape
        self.price=price
        self.flavor=flavor

    @property
    def price(self):
        return self._price
    @price.setter
    def price(self,value):
        if value>0 and value<100:
            self._price=value
        else:
            raise ValueError("value must between 0 and 100")

    @property
    def size(self):
        return self._size
    @size.setter
    def size(self,value):
        if value>0 and value<10:
            self._size=str(value)+"inch"
        else:
            raise ValueError("size must between 0 and 10")

if __name__=="__main__":
    p=Pizza(8,"circular",80,"spicy")
    print(p.size) #8inch

• 使用特殊方法：__get__(),__set__(),__del__()，管理Score实例的属性，在Student类中初始化Score实例

class Score:
    def __init__(self,score=0):
        self._score=score

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if isinstance(value,int) and value>=0 and value<=100:
            self._score=value
        else:
            raise ValueError("score must be int and between 0-100")
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return self._score
    def __del__(self):
        del self._score

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self._score)

class Student:

    def __init__(self,name,id,chinese,math,english):
        self.name=name
        self.id=id
        self.chinese=Score(chinese)
        self.math=Score(math)
        self.english=Score(english)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "name:{},id:{},chinese:{},math:{},english:{}".\
            format(self.name,self.id,self.chinese,self.math,self.english)

if __name__=="__main__":
    S1=Student("Lisa","1",89,90,96)
    S2=Student("CoCo","2",80,87,100)
    print(S1) #name:Lisa,id:1,chinese:89,math:90,english:96
    print(S2) #name:CoCo,id:2,chinese:80,math:87,english:100