【计算题】（四）不定积分和定积分

题型一 不定积分

积分公式包含 $-\frac{1}{x^2}f(\frac{1}{x})$ 等固定搭配可凑微分化为积分基本公式

$$\int \frac{1}{x^2}\sin \frac{1}{x}dx=-\int \sin \frac{1}{x}d(\frac{1}{x})=\cos \frac{1}{x}+C$$

$(a^2-x^2{)}^m$、$(x^2+a^2{)}^m$、$(x^2-a^2{)}^m$ 和 $(a{x}^2+bx+c{)}^m$：$t=三角函数$
分母比分子高2次及2次以上：$t=\frac{1}{x}$
复杂函数 $a^x$、$e^x$、$\ln x$、$\arcsin x$ 和 $(x+1{)}^{2015}$：$t=复杂函数$

• $$\int \frac{1}{(1-x^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}dx，x=\sin t；\int \frac{1}{(1+x^2{)}^2}dx，x=\tan t；\int \frac{1}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}dx，x=\sec t$$

• $$\int \frac{1}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}dx=\int \frac{1}{x^2\sqrt{1-\frac{1}{x^2}}}dx，t=\frac{1}{x}$$

• $$\int \frac{1}{1+e^x}dx,t=e^x；\int \frac{x+1}{x(1+x{e}^x)}dx=\int \frac{x{e}^x+e^x}{x{e}^x(1+x{e}^x)}dx，t=x{e}^x$$

积分公式为多项式时可使用分部积分和表格积分法($\int e^x{P}_n(x)dx$, $\int \sin x{P}_n(x)dx$)：

• $$\int x^4\ln xdx=\frac{1}{5}\int \ln xd(x^5)=\frac{1}{5}(x^5\ln x-\int x^5\cdot \frac{1}{x}dx)$$

• $$\int (x^3+2x+6)e^{2x}dx=(x^3+2x+6)(\frac{1}{2}{e}^{2x})+(3x^2+2)(\frac{1}{4}{e}^{2x})+...+0\cdot (\frac{1}{16}{e}^{2x})+C$$

$u$ 求导	$x^3+2x+6$	$3x^2+2$	$6x$	$6$	$0$
$v$ 积分	$e^{2x}$	$\frac{1}{2}{e}^{2x}$	$\frac{1}{4}{e}^{2x}$	$\frac{1}{8}{e}^{2x}$	$\frac{1}{16}{e}^{2x}$

积分公式包含 \sqrt{} ​ 可分为如下情况：

• 单个根号：$t=\sqrt{}$
• 同次根号相加、分子分母共轭：乘共轭
• 不同次根号相加：$t=\sqrt[m和n最小公倍数]{}$

• $$\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{2x+5}+1}dx，\int \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x+1}+1}dx，\int \sin \sqrt{x}dx，t=\sqrt{}$$

• $$\int \frac{\sqrt{x}\sqrt{x+1}}{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x+1}}dx=\int \frac{\sqrt{x}\sqrt{x+1}(\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{x+1})}{(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x+1})(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x+1})}dx$$ $$\int \frac{x\sqrt{1+x}}{\sqrt{1-x}}dx=\int \frac{x\sqrt{1+x}\sqrt{1+x}}{\sqrt{1-x}\sqrt{1+x}}=\int \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx+\int \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx$$

• $$\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt[3]{x}}dx，t=\sqrt[6]{x}$$

此外，积分包括有理函数积分和三角函数积分。

题型二 定积分

对称区间

• 奇偶函数：$${\int }_{-1}^1\frac{x^2+\arctan x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx={\int }_{-1}^1\frac{x^2}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx+{\int }_{-1}^1\frac{\arctan x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx=2{\int }_0^1\frac{x^2}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx$$

• 非奇偶函数：$${\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }\frac{{\sin }^{8}x}{1+e^{-x}}dx={\int }_0^{\pi }[\frac{{\sin }^{8}x}{1+e^{-x}}+\frac{{\sin }^{8}x}{1+e^x}]dx={\int }_0^{\pi }{\sin }^{8}x[\frac{1}{1+e^{-x}}+\frac{1}{1+e^x}]dx={\int }_0^{\pi }{\sin }^{8}dx$$

周期函数

$${\int }_0^{2016\pi }\sqrt{1-\cos (2x)}dx=2016{\int }_0^{\pi }\sqrt{1-\cos (2x)}dx=2016{\int }_0^{\pi }\sqrt{2}\sin xdx=4032\sqrt{2}$$

积分区间 ${\int }_0^{\pi }$ 积分函数 $\sin x$

• $$I={\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{x{\sin }^{n}x}{{\sin }^{n}x+{\cos }^{n}x}dx={\int }_0^{\pi }x\frac{{\sin }^{n}x}{{\sin }^{n}x+(1-{\sin }^{2}x{)}^{\frac{n}{2}}}dx=\pi {\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{{\sin }^{n}x}{{\sin }^{n}x+(1-{\sin }^{2}x{)}^{\frac{n}{2}}}dx$$

$$由于{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}f(\sin x)dx={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}f(\cos x)dx，I=\pi {\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{{\cos }^{n}x}{{\cos }^{n}x+(1-{\cos }^{2}x{)}^{\frac{n}{2}}}dx，2I=\pi {\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}dx$$

• $${\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{x\sin x}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}dx={\int }_0^{\pi }x\frac{\sin x}{2-{\sin }^{2}x}dx=\frac{\pi }{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{\sin x}{2-{\sin }^{2}x}=-\frac{\pi }{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}d(\cos x)$$

区间再现公式 $x=a+b-t$

$$I={\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{x\sin x}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}dx={\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{(\pi -t)\sin (\pi -t)}{1+{\cos }^2(\pi -t)}d(\pi -t)={\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{(\pi -x)\sin (x)}{1+{\cos }^2(x)}dx$$

$$2I=\pi {\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{\sin x}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}dx=-\pi {\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}d(\cos x)，I=-\frac{\pi }{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}d(\cos x)$$

积分区间 ${\int }_0^{2\pi }$： 移动区间、拆分区间、区间再现

• $${\int }_0^{2\pi }\frac{1}{1+\cos x^2}dx={\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+\cos x^2}dx=2{\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+\cos x^2}dx$$ $${\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+\cos x^2}dx={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{1}{1+\cos x^2}dx+{\int }_{\frac{\pi }{2}}^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+\cos x^2}dx$$ $${\int }_{\frac{\pi }{2}}^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+\cos x^2}dx={\int }_{\frac{\pi }{2}}^0\frac{1}{1+\cos (\pi -x{)}^2}d(\pi -x)={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{1}{1+\cos x^2}dx$$

• $${\int }_0^{2\pi }\sqrt{1+\sin x}\sin xdx={\int }_0^{2\pi }|\sin \frac{x}{2}+\cos \frac{x}{2}|2\sin \frac{x}{2}\cos \frac{x}{2}dx=4{\int }_0^{\pi }|\sin x+\cos x|\sin x\cos xdx$$ $${\int }_0^{\pi }|\sin x+\cos x|\sin x\cos xdx={\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{4}}^{\frac{3\pi }{4}}(\sin x+\cos x)\sin x\cos xdx$$

积分区间 ${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}$

$${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\frac{1}{1+\sin x}dx={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\frac{1-\sin x}{1-{\sin }^{2}x}dx={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\frac{1}{{\cos }^{2}x}dx+{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\frac{1}{{\cos }^{2}x}d(\cos x)$$

$$\tan (\frac{\pi }{4}-x)=\frac{1-\tan x}{1+\tan x}，\cos (\frac{\pi }{4}-x)=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\sin x+\cos x)$$