学习笔记 - CFA 固收 3

本节关注 yield curve strategy,先介绍一些相关概念,再介绍在不同 yield curve 变化下对应的策略(有预期就应该属于active strategy)

Yield curve slope is often defined as the difference in basis points between the yield-to-maturity on a long-maturity bond and the yield-to-maturity on a shorter-maturity bond

Yield curve shape or curvature is the relationship between 长中短期的YTM,A common measure of yield curve curvature is the butterfly spread

butterfly spread 的公式其实是(midpoint YTM 减 长短期YTM的(线性)中点)/2,所以convcave(凹)形状的 YTM 就是有 positive butterfly spread;而convex(凸)就是negative(即朝第四象限方向凸出,下图为convex):

 一般的yield curve应认为是有positive butterfly spread:

最易混淆的地方是接着有引入了2个非常相似的概念,我按目前的理解整理了一下:

butterfly move 和 butterfly view

positive butterfly movement是蝴蝶起飞(即中间下降,两端上升),往往是会产生negative butterfly spread

negative butterfly (spread) view 即 positive butterfly (move)

一般说 positive butterfly 是指 positive butterfly (move)即中期 YTM 降,两端升,所以要long bullet(bond)& short barbell(bonds)

由固收2的知识 portfolio convexity statistic 可知:

All else equal, bonds with longer durations have higher convexity than bonds with shorter durations

零散的概念介绍完,直接总结不同expected yield curve move下对应的策略,主要是两大类 cash-based 和 derivative-based:

 两个简单的小计算:

(1)持有一个10年期的半年付息的 coupon = 4% 的bond,YTM=5%,预期半年后YTM下降50bp

       Price appreciation = PV(1/Y=5%, N=20, CF=100*4%/2, FV=100) - PV(1/Y=5%-0.005%, N=19, CF=100*4%/2, FV=100)

可以将price appreciation拆分成 rolldown return 和 E(change in yield curve):

        rolldown return = PV(1/Y=5%, N=20, CF=100*4%/2, FV=100) - PV(1/Y=5%, N=19, CF=100*4%/2, FV=100)

       E(change in yield curve) = PV(1/Y=5%, N=19, CF=100*4%/2, FV=100) - PV(1/Y=5%-0.005%, N=19, CF=100*4%/2, FV=100)

* rolldown return 是假设 yield curve unchange

* 计 E(xxx) 要其他不变,所以要用 YTM 折19期 vs 新的 YTM 折19期

(2)持有一个10年期的半年付息的 receive fixed swap,swap rate = 4%,预期半年后 swap rate下降50bp

       Swap MTM (mark-to-market) gain = fixed leg - floating leg = PV(1/Y=(4%-0.005%)/2, N=19, CF=4%/2, FV=100) - 100,其中floating leg = par

目前讲的应该都是instantaneous(立即的)yield curve change

a divergent rate level view implies an expectation of a parallel shift in the yield curve

在固收2的笔记中展示的 upward/downward & steepen/flatten 图其实不是很准确,因为steepen/flatten 是指 yield curve 的变化而不是一个静止的形态:

steepen 的核心是 long-term 与 short-term YTM 是 widen;而 flatten 则是 narrowing

steepen为例:长期升得比短期多;长期跌得比短期少;长期升短期跌

由上面的策略总结图可知:bull steepen 是一种strategy,同时也可以是描述 bull(move)steepen(move),要根据具体情境理解

Interest rate put and call options are generally based upon a bond’s price, not yield-to-maturity

补充一些策略:

 call option adds convexity to the portfolio

涉及跨币种的:

carry trade across currencies:an investor borrows short-term in one currency and invests in another higher-yielding currency(其实可以也是short-term,但higher-yield的)

还有一种 cross-currency carry trade,这其实就是carry trade(借低利率的去投高利率的,只是涉及跨币种而已),另类投资章节补充了carry trade的特点:

Interest rate and credit risks are hedged because long and short positions have the same duration and credit exposure

the key concern is liquidity risk

另一个例子:

USD-JPY cross-currency basis swap involving:the exchange of floating JPY for floating USD payments & a pay-fixed USD interest rate swap(pay fixed 就是 basis)

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