学习笔记 - CFA 衍生品 2

这小节主要学习互换和期货,第一个概念是market risk(called basis risk or spread risk):

the difference between the market performance of the asset and the derivative instrument used to hedge it,caused by the hedging instrument and the asset or portfolio to be hedged are imperfect substitutes

这里容易混淆的是按字面意思来理解,其实这里的market risk不是字面上的市场风险,以公司债为例,持有某公司的债券然后用futures来hedge,其实futures的underlying与持有的公司债不同,往往futures的底层债券的credit risk更低,所以所持有的公司债的credit risk是market risk的一部分。

衍生工具(市场上能买卖的衍生工具,如期货)的underlying和被对冲资产(所持有的的现货)不一致所产生的风险

  1. 第一种:interest rate swap

对于SWAPs:

MDUR: modified duration

: notional principle of SWAPs, 我的理解其实就是SWAP的MV

对于fixed-income futures:

BPV = MV*MDUR*0.01% (若MDUR用%表示则只需乘0.01)

应该是要用CTD的数据转换而不能直接用futures的数据,因为这里的F应该是指settle future

一般都用BPV计算,但偶尔MV和MDUR的信息都给全也可

由于假设无套利,basis=0:any change in the futures price level (ΔF) will be a reflection of the change in the value of the CTD bond adjusted by its conversion factor,所以才能:ΔF=ΔCTD/CF

这小节还引入了一个概念:basis,这应该是一个与basis risk很相似但不是同一个概念:

The pricing discrepancy between the price of the cash security and that of the fixed-income futures is the basis
basis = spot cash price - the futures price * conversion factor

一般no-arbitrage下basis是0;若basis 为负,即证券的现金价值低于其对应的期货价格,就

buy the basis:purchase bond,sell bond futures

  1. 第二种:currency swap

currency swap里又有basis,但就是另一个东西:

cross-currency basis swap是currency swasp的一种,一般不互换本金(currency swap是可以互换本金的,只是这种一般不换)

the basis:interest rates in the cross-currency basis swap 与 interest rate used to determine the forward exchange rates的差异

The basis is quoted on the non-USD leg of the swap,即swap dealer付non-USD利息时少付:

假设:

The three-year CAD–USD cross-currency basis swap is quoted at −15 bps at a rate of USD/CAD 0.8000

(1)一个本位币为加元的加拿大公司,想投一个美元项目,直接借美元要 floating+100bp,直接借本国货币加元则是 floating+65bp

(2)于是直接借入加元后,找一个swap dealer换成美元,每期付dealer:floating美元利息,同时从dealer处收:floating-15bp的加元利息(就是quoted on non-USD的意思)

(3)每期还要还银行floating+65bp的加元利息

(4)最终投资者每期要净付65+15bp加元利息 + floating 美元利息;也可换汇成同一币种计total payoff

  1. 第三种:equity swap

(1)

一般equity swap只互换capital gain/loss部分,total return swap则连期间的dividend也算在内

equity swap 一般是用来将部分(如30%)的equity risk换掉,要注意equity部分升多少就是多少,但换成的债券部分则是要处理年化利率问题(如换成2.5%,则半年期的话就是2.5%/2)

对持股集中又不想放弃股权(投票权)的高净值客户很有用(因为equity swap没有投票权,即换出去的equity部分只是转移了风险而没有丧失投票权)

underlying是single stock的equity swap可以选择cash-settled还是physical-settled,哪种settle都要再付一个agreed-on的interest rate(仍是净额交割)

underlying is a stock index(其实就是equity index futures), only cash settlement is available at contract expiration

S: market value of the stock portfolio

:number of futures contract

F: value per futures contract

两种考察题型:

求equity swap到期时的净额交割是多少

求持仓的beta,(stock)portfolio的beta和(stock)index futures的beta不一样,index的beta一般认为是1(若market increase 2%,持有的stock portfolio increase:1+2%*beta,持有的index future increase:1+2%*1),再由整个持仓的MV变化计(定义式):

(2)

Cash securitization (also known as “cash equitization” or “cash overlay”) 即通过衍生工具让现金获得权益的收益

这期间还是持有现金的,是有利息的

若要将60股40债通过futures来达到50股50债,即减少的10股要=0,而增加的10债的=债的BPV

与上面区分,股指升5%并不代表股指期货升5%(只是会差不多也是5%),而是表示持有的股票升5%,股指期货(证券化后的现金部分)升多少要看题目怎么说

  1. 第四种:波动类的衍生品

(1)variance swap

variance swaps have a valuable convexity feature

所以计算公式是线性就是一种近似计算而已

A long position in a variance swap is thus long gamma and has a convex payoff

因此对投资者吸引,所以可以:allows volatility sellers to sell variance swaps at a higher price than at-the- money options

a long variance position:当realized variance is greater than the swap’s variance strike,会有payoff,其实就相关于一个保险,保证实际波动不大于约定的波动

由于投资者对variance swap有不同的个性化需求,所以需要在某些位达成一致,其中两点:

trade size expressed in vega notional, (not in variance notional),但计算时要先转成variance notional(所以要记公式)
the strike (X) expressed as volatility (not variance)

(2)VIX

Investors cannot invest directly in the VIX
The VIX futures converge to the spot VIX as expiration approaches
VIX options are European style, and their prices depend on the prices of VIX futures with similar expirations

the increases in the VIX (and VIX futures) are negatively correlated with the prices of equity assets,所以:
purchase VIX call options when he expects that volatility will increase owing to a significant sell-off in the equity market
VIX put options would be bought to profit from an expectation that volatility will decrease because of stable equity market conditions

(3)exchange-traded products (ETPs)的运作逻辑:

typically hold a mix of VIX futures that is adjusted daily to keep the average time to expiration of the portfolio constant

所以:

daily rebalancing requires shorter-term futures to be sold and longer-dated futures to be purchased(ie. When the VIX futures are in contango, the cost of rolling over hedges increases,即 negative carry )

  1. FFE rate(用衍生工具推断央行政策)

effective federal funds (FFE) rate,the rate actually transacted between depository institutions, not the Fed's target federal funds rate

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