python state of nested function

def maker(N):
    def action(X):
        return X ** N
    return action


# nonlocal
def maker1(N):
    state = 1
    def action(X):
        nonlocal state
        print('%d th call.' % state)
        state += 1
        return X ** N
    return action

# default value
def maker2(N):
    class Action:
        def __init__(self, state = 1):
            self.state = state
        def __call__(self, X):
            print('%d th call.' % self.state)
            self.state += 1
            return X ** N
    return Action()

# function attribute
def maker3(N):
    def action(X):
        print('%d th call.' % action.state)
        action.state += 1
        return X ** N
    action.state = 1
    return action

# mutable object
def maker4(N):
    state = [1]
    def action(X):
        print('%d th call.' % state[0])
        state[0] += 1
        return X ** N
    return action

f = maker4(2)
g = maker4(3)

print(f(2))
print(f(3))
print(g(2))