Linux yum 命令

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-07 11:12:50 发布

LinYueShan_W

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-07 11:12:50 发布

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分类专栏： Linux 文章标签： linux 运维 centos

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Linux yum 命令

yum（ Yellow dog Updater， Modified）是一个在 Fedora 和 RedHat 以及 SUSE 中的 Shell 前端软件包管理器。

基于 RPM 包管理，能够从指定的服务器自动下载 RPM 包并且安装，可以自动处理依赖性关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的软件包，无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。

yum 提供了查找、安装、删除某一个、一组甚至全部软件包的命令，而且命令简洁而又好记。

yum 语法

<span style="background-color:#ecf4ee"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#171c19">yum </span><span style="color:#171c19">[</span><span style="color:#171c19">options</span><span style="color:#171c19">]</span> <span style="color:#171c19">[</span><span style="color:#171c19">command</span><span style="color:#171c19">]</span> <span style="color:#171c19">[</span><span style="color:#55859b">package</span> <span style="color:#171c19">...]</span></span></span>

options：可选，选项包括-h（帮助），-y（当安装过程提示选择全部为 “yes”），-q（不显示安装的过程）等等。
command：要进行的操作。
package：安装的包名。

yum常用命令

1. 列出所有可更新的软件清单命令：yum check-update
2. 更新所有软件命令：yum update
3. 仅安装指定的软件命令：yum install <package_name>
4. 仅更新指定的软件命令：yum update <package_name>
5. 列出所有可安裝的软件清单命令：yum list
6. 删除软件包命令：yum remove <package_name>
7. 查找软件包命令：yum search <keyword>
8. 清除缓存命令:
- yum clean packages：清除缓存目录下的软件包
- yum clean headers：清除缓存目录下的 headers
- yum clean oldheaders：清除缓存目录下旧的 headers
- yum clean， yum clean all （= yum clean packages; yum clean oldheaders） ：清除缓存目录下的软件包及旧的 headers

实例 1

安装 pam-devel

<span style="background-color:#ecf4ee"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#171c19">[</span><span style="color:#171c19">root@www </span><span style="color:#171c19">~]#</span><span style="color:#171c19"> yum install pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel
</span><span style="color:#478c90">Setting</span><span style="color:#171c19"> up </span><span style="color:#478c90">Install</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Process</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Parsing</span> <span style="color:#55859b">package</span><span style="color:#171c19"> install arguments
</span><span style="color:#478c90">Resolving</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Dependencies</span>  <span style="color:#171c19"><==先检查软件的属性相依问题</span>
<span style="color:#171c19">--></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Running</span><span style="color:#171c19"> transaction check
</span><span style="color:#171c19">---></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Package</span><span style="color:#171c19"> pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386 </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">4.el5</span> <span style="color:#55859b">set</span><span style="color:#171c19"> to be updated
</span><span style="color:#171c19">--></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Processing</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Dependency</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#171c19"> pam </span><span style="color:#171c19">=</span> <span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">4.el5</span> <span style="color:#55859b">for</span> <span style="color:#55859b">package</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#171c19"> pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel
</span><span style="color:#171c19">--></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Running</span><span style="color:#171c19"> transaction check
</span><span style="color:#171c19">---></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Package</span><span style="color:#171c19"> pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386 </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">4.el5</span> <span style="color:#55859b">set</span><span style="color:#171c19"> to be updated
filelists</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">xml</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">gz          </span><span style="color:#9f713c">100</span><span style="color:#171c19">%</span> <span style="color:#171c19">|=========================|</span> <span style="color:#9f713c">1.6</span><span style="color:#171c19"> MB    </span><span style="color:#9f713c">00</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#9f713c">05</span><span style="color:#171c19">
filelists</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">xml</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">gz          </span><span style="color:#9f713c">100</span><span style="color:#171c19">%</span> <span style="color:#171c19">|=========================|</span> <span style="color:#9f713c">138</span><span style="color:#171c19"> kB    </span><span style="color:#9f713c">00</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#9f713c">00</span>
<span style="color:#171c19">-></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Finished</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Dependency</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Resolution</span>
<span style="color:#171c19">……(省略)</span></span></span>

实例 2

移除 pam-devel

<span style="background-color:#ecf4ee"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#171c19">[</span><span style="color:#171c19">root@www </span><span style="color:#171c19">~]#</span><span style="color:#171c19"> yum remove pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel
</span><span style="color:#478c90">Setting</span><span style="color:#171c19"> up </span><span style="color:#478c90">Remove</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Process</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Resolving</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Dependencies</span>  <span style="color:#171c19"><==同样的，先解决属性相依的问题</span>
<span style="color:#171c19">--></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Running</span><span style="color:#171c19"> transaction check
</span><span style="color:#171c19">---></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Package</span><span style="color:#171c19"> pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386 </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">4.el5</span> <span style="color:#55859b">set</span><span style="color:#171c19"> to be erased
</span><span style="color:#171c19">--></span> <span style="color:#478c90">Finished</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Dependency</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Resolution</span>

<span style="color:#478c90">Dependencies</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Resolved</span>

<span style="color:#171c19">=============================================================================</span>
 <span style="color:#478c90">Package</span>                 <span style="color:#478c90">Arch</span>       <span style="color:#478c90">Version</span>          <span style="color:#478c90">Repository</span>        <span style="color:#478c90">Size</span>
<span style="color:#171c19">=============================================================================</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Removing</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#171c19">
 pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel               i386       </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">4.el5</span><span style="color:#171c19">   installed         </span><span style="color:#9f713c">495</span><span style="color:#171c19"> k

</span><span style="color:#478c90">Transaction</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Summary</span>
<span style="color:#171c19">=============================================================================</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Install</span>      <span style="color:#9f713c">0</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Package</span><span style="color:#171c19">(</span><span style="color:#171c19">s</span><span style="color:#171c19">)</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Update</span>       <span style="color:#9f713c">0</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Package</span><span style="color:#171c19">(</span><span style="color:#171c19">s</span><span style="color:#171c19">)</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Remove</span>       <span style="color:#9f713c">1</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Package</span><span style="color:#171c19">(</span><span style="color:#171c19">s</span><span style="color:#171c19">)</span>  <span style="color:#171c19"><==还好，并没有属性相依的问题，单纯移除一个软件</span>

<span style="color:#478c90">Is</span> <span style="color:#55859b">this</span><span style="color:#171c19"> ok </span><span style="color:#171c19">[</span><span style="color:#171c19">y</span><span style="color:#171c19">/</span><span style="color:#171c19">N</span><span style="color:#171c19">]:</span><span style="color:#171c19"> y
</span><span style="color:#478c90">Downloading</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Packages</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Running</span><span style="color:#171c19"> rpm_check_debug
</span><span style="color:#478c90">Running</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Transaction</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Test</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Finished</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Transaction</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Test</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Transaction</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Test</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Succeeded</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Running</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Transaction</span>
  <span style="color:#478c90">Erasing</span>   <span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#171c19"> pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel                    </span><span style="color:#78877d">######################### [1/1]</span>

<span style="color:#478c90">Removed</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#171c19"> pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386 </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">4.el5</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Complete</span><span style="color:#171c19">!</span></span></span>

实例 3

利用 yum 的功能，找出以 pam 为开头的软件名称有哪些？

<span style="background-color:#ecf4ee"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#171c19">[</span><span style="color:#171c19">root@www </span><span style="color:#171c19">~]#</span><span style="color:#171c19"> yum list pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">*</span>
<span style="color:#478c90">Installed</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Packages</span><span style="color:#171c19">
pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386                  </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">3.27</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">el5      installed
pam_ccreds</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386           </span><span style="color:#9f713c">3</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">5</span><span style="color:#171c19">                    installed
pam_krb5</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386             </span><span style="color:#9f713c">2.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">14</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">1</span><span style="color:#171c19">               installed
pam_passwdqc</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386         </span><span style="color:#9f713c">1.0</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">1.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">2</span><span style="color:#171c19">            installed
pam_pkcs11</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386           </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.5</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">3</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">23</span><span style="color:#171c19">               installed
pam_smb</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386              </span><span style="color:#9f713c">1.1</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">7</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">7.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">1</span><span style="color:#171c19">            installed
</span><span style="color:#478c90">Available</span> <span style="color:#478c90">Packages</span> <span style="color:#171c19"><==底下则是『可升级』的或『未安装』的</span><span style="color:#171c19">
pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386                  </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">4.el5</span>         <span style="color:#55859b">base</span><span style="color:#171c19">
pam</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#171c19">devel</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386            </span><span style="color:#9f713c">0.99</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">6.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">4.el5</span>         <span style="color:#55859b">base</span><span style="color:#171c19">
pam_krb5</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">i386             </span><span style="color:#9f713c">2.2</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#9f713c">14</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">10</span>              <span style="color:#55859b">base</span></span></span>

国内 yum 源

网易（163）yum 源是国内较好的 yum 源之一，无论是速度还是软件版本，都非常的不错。

将yum源设置为163 yum，可以提升软件包安装和更新的速度，同时避免一些常见软件版本无法找到。

安装步骤

首先备份/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

<span style="background-color:#ecf4ee"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#171c19">mv </span><span style="color:#171c19">/</span><span style="color:#171c19">etc</span><span style="color:#171c19">/</span><span style="color:#171c19">yum</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">repos</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">d</span><span style="color:#171c19">/</span><span style="color:#478c90">CentOS</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#478c90">Base</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">repo </span><span style="color:#171c19">/</span><span style="color:#171c19">etc</span><span style="color:#171c19">/</span><span style="color:#171c19">yum</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">repos</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">d</span><span style="color:#171c19">/</span><span style="color:#478c90">CentOS</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#478c90">Base</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">repo</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">backup</span></span></span>

下载对应版本 repo 文件，放入 /etc/yum.repos.d/ （操作前请做好相应备份）

CentOS5 ：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS5-Base-163.repo
CentOS6 ：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repo
CentOS7 ：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

<span style="background-color:#ecf4ee"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#171c19">wget http</span><span style="color:#171c19">:</span><span style="color:#78877d">//mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repo</span><span style="color:#171c19">
mv </span><span style="color:#478c90">CentOS6</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#478c90">Base</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#9f713c">163.repo</span> <span style="color:#478c90">CentOS</span><span style="color:#171c19">-</span><span style="color:#478c90">Base</span><span style="color:#171c19">.</span><span style="color:#171c19">repo</span></span></span>

运行以下命令生成缓存

<span style="background-color:#ecf4ee"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#171c19">yum clean all
yum makecache</span></span></span>

除了网易之外，国内还有其他不错的 yum 源，比如中科大和搜狐。

中科大的 yum 源，安装方法查看：Redirecting…

sohu 的 yum 源安装方法查看： http://mirrors.sohu.com/help/centos.html

阿里云的源：centos镜像_centos下载地址_centos安装教程-阿里巴巴开源镜像站

配置本地Yum仓库

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：搭建一个本地Yum，将RHEL6光盘手动挂载到/media

命令操作如下所示：

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /media/
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@localhost ~]# mount | tail -1
/dev/sr0 on /media type iso9660 (ro)

步骤二：将本地设置为客户端，进行Yum验证

Yum客户端需编辑配置文件，命令操作如下所示：

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/         //必须在这个路径下
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls                  //此路径下事先有配置文件的模板
rhel-source.repo

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cp rhel-source.repo rhel6.repo //配置文件必须以.repo结尾
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim rhel6.repo
[rhel-6]                                     //中括号里内容要求唯一，但不要出现特殊字符
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6           //此为描述信息，可以看情况填写
baseurl=file:///media/                     //此项为yum软件仓库位置，指向光盘挂载点
enabled=1                                   //此项为是否开启，1为开启, 0为不开启
gpgcheck=1                                  //此项为是否检查签名，1为检测, 0为不检测
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release  //签名认证信息的路径

[root@localhost /]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: product-id, refresh-packagekit, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
rhel-6                                            | 3.9 kB     00:00 ... 
rhel-6/primary_db                                  | 3.1 MB     00:00 ... 
repo id             repo name                                     status
rhel-6              Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6                    3,690
repolist: 3,690

对于 Linux 软件安装时提示缺失库的，可以使用 yum 的 provides 参数查看 libstdc++.so.6 的库文件包含在那个安装包中只需要执行：

yum provides libstdc++.so.6

然后按查询到安装包包名，使用 yum install 安装即可。

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Linux yum 命令

gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release //签名认证信息的路径。baseurl=file:///media/ //此项为yum软件仓库位置，指向光盘挂载点。[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ //必须在这个路径下。下载对应版本 repo 文件，放入 /etc/yum.repos.d/ （操作前请做好相应备份）
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