BFS 广度优先搜索

定义

广度优先搜索是最简便的图的搜索算法之一，这一算法也是很多重要的图的算法的原型。其别名又叫BFS，属于一种盲目搜寻法，目的是系统地展开并检查图中的所有节点，以找寻结果。换句话说，它并不考虑结果的可能位置，彻底地搜索整张图，直到找到结果为止。

简单来说就是，广度优先搜索将所有可以到达结果的解决方案（路径）同时单步进行，所有结果中最先到达结果的方案即为最优解。

例题

蓝桥杯2019省赛，迷宫：
迷宫的入口为左上角，出口为右下角，在迷宫中，只能从一个位置走到这 个 它的上、下、左、右四个方向之一。

010000
000100
001001
110000

对于上面的迷宫，从入口开始，可以按 DRRURRDDDR 的顺序通过迷宫， 一共 10 步。其中 D、U、L、R 分别表示向下、向上、向左、向右走。 对于下面这个更复杂的迷宫（30 行 50 列），请找出一种通过迷宫的方式，其使用的步数最少，在步数最少的前提下，请找出字典序最小的一个作为答案。

请注意在字典序中 D<L<R<U。

01010101001011001001010110010110100100001000101010
00001000100000101010010000100000001001100110100101
01111011010010001000001101001011100011000000010000
01000000001010100011010000101000001010101011001011
00011111000000101000010010100010100000101100000000
11001000110101000010101100011010011010101011110111
00011011010101001001001010000001000101001110000000
10100000101000100110101010111110011000010000111010
00111000001010100001100010000001000101001100001001
11000110100001110010001001010101010101010001101000
00010000100100000101001010101110100010101010000101
11100100101001001000010000010101010100100100010100
00000010000000101011001111010001100000101010100011
10101010011100001000011000010110011110110100001000
10101010100001101010100101000010100000111011101001
10000000101100010000101100101101001011100000000100
10101001000000010100100001000100000100011110101001
00101001010101101001010100011010101101110000110101
11001010000100001100000010100101000001000111000010
00001000110000110101101000000100101001001000011101
10100101000101000000001110110010110101101010100001
00101000010000110101010000100010001001000100010101
10100001000110010001000010101001010101011111010010
00000100101000000110010100101001000001000000000010
11010000001001110111001001000011101001011011101000
00000110100010001000100000001000011101000000110011
10101000101000100010001111100010101001010000001000
10000010100101001010110000000100101010001011101000
00111100001000010000000110111000000001000000001011
10000001100111010111010001000110111010101101111000

题解：

BFS算法

注意：

队列q中并不是每次只有一个元素，而是每到一个节点，就将该节点上下左右所有符合条件的节点都加到队尾。
而if(flag[next.x][next.y]==1||a[next.x][next.y]==1)这个判断（flag该节点是否被搜过的）语句就保证了不会存在反复搜一个节点的情况，
并且保证了前边搜过的节点后边不会出现，注意这就同时保证了BFS判断的只是路径不重合的所有解中哪一个是最优解。
例如：
若a中有
{1，2，3，4，5，6，
7，8，9，10，11，12，
13，14，15，16，17，18}
则队列q中的元素以此为{0}，{7，2}{2， 13，8}{13，8，3}{8，3，14}。。。。。。。。。。等
所以BFS是一种速度很快的算法！

void bfs(){
	node start;start.x=0;start.y=0;start.p="";//定义起点 
	flag[0][0]=1;
	queue<node>q;//定义一个node型的队列 
	q.push(start);// 把第一个点放进队列，开始BFS
	while(!q.empty()){
		node now=q.front();//将队首元素赋值给now
		q.pop();//将队列中第一个元素删除
		if(now.x==29&&now.y==49){//第一次到达出口时，就为最短路径 
			cout<<now.p<<endl;//打印路径 
			return; 
		} 
		for(int i=0;i<4;i++){//进行下一个节点，i=0为向下、=1为向左、=2为向右、=3为向上 
			node next;
			next.x=now.x+dir[i][0];
			next.y=now.y+dir[i][1];
			if(next.x<0||next.x>=30||next.y<0||next.y>=50)
				continue;//越界了，跳过此节点
			if(flag[next.x][next.y]==1||a[next.x][next.y]==1)
				continue;//该节点已经被搜索过或者该节点是障碍不通 
			flag[next.x][next.y]=1;//将下一个节点标记为已经搜索过	
			next.p=now.p+o[i];//将这一步操作加到所有操作中
			q.push(next); 
		}
	}
}

全部代码

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
struct node{
	int x;
	int y;
	string p;//path，记录从起点（0，0）到这个点（x，y）的完整路径 
};
int a[30][50]={0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,
0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,
0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,
0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,
0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,
0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,
1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,
1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,
0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,
1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,
0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,
1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,
0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,
1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,
0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,
1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,
1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0};//地图数据
char o[4]={'D','L','R','U'};
int dir[4][2]={{1,0},{0,-1},{0,1},{-1,0}};
int flag[30][50]={0};

void bfs(){
	node start;start.x=0;start.y=0;start.p="";//定义起点 
	flag[0][0]=1;
	queue<node>q;//定义一个node型的队列 
	q.push(start);// 把第一个点放进队列，开始BFS
	while(!q.empty()){
		node now=q.front();//将队首元素赋值给now
		q.pop();//将队列中第一个元素删除
		if(now.x==29&&now.y==49){//第一次到达出口时，就为最短路径 
			cout<<now.p<<endl;//打印路径 
			return; 
		} 
		for(int i=0;i<4;i++){//进行下一个节点，i=0为向下、=1为向左、=2为向右、=3为向上 
			node next;
			next.x=now.x+dir[i][0];
			next.y=now.y+dir[i][1];
			if(next.x<0||next.x>=30||next.y<0||next.y>=50)
				continue;//越界了，跳过此节点
			if(flag[next.x][next.y]==1||a[next.x][next.y]==1)
				continue;//该节点已经被搜索过或者该节点是障碍不通 
			flag[next.x][next.y]=1;//将下一个节点标记为已经搜索过	
			next.p=now.p+o[i];//将这一步操作加到所有操作中
			q.push(next); 
		}
	}
}
int main(){
	bfs();
}