Aprial 25th Wednesday (四月 二十五日 水曜日)

  "typeof" is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the datatype of the operand.

  The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a number, string, or boolean value.  It evaluates to "object" for objects, arrays, and (surprisingly) null. It evaluates to "function" for function operands and to "undefined" if the operand is undefined.

  "typeof" evaluates to "object" when its operand is a Number, String, or Boolean wrapper object. It also evaluates to "object" for Date and RegExp objects. typeof evaluates to an implementation-dependent value for objects that are not part of core JavaScript but are provided by the context in which JavaScript is embedded. In client-side JavaScript,  however, typeof typically evaluates to "object" for all client-side objects, just as it does for all core objects.

  The examples in the previous section demonstrate a subtle point in JavaScript programming: there are two different kinds of undefined variables. The first kind of undefined variable is one that has never been declared. An attempt to read the value of such an undeclared variable causes a runtime error. Undeclared variables are undefined because they simply do not exist. As described earlier, assigning a value to an undeclared variable does not cause an error; instead, it implicitly declares the variable in the global scope.

  The second kind of undefined variable is one that has been declared but has never had a value assigned to it. If you read the value of one of these variables, you obtain its default value, undefined. This type of undefined variable might more usefully be called unassigned, to distinguish it from the more serious kind of undefined variable that has not even been declared and does not exist.

  The following code fragment illustrates some of the differences between truly undefined and merely unassigned variables:

var x;     // Declare an unassigned variable. Its value is undefined.
alert(u);  // Using an undeclared variable causes an error.
u = 3;     // Assigning a value to an undeclared variable creates the variable.