Algebraic Systems

Default

1, $S$ represents a non-empty set.

Group

Semi-group

Definition:

$<S,\star >$ is a semi-group, if $a\star b\star c=a\star (b\star c)$.

Definition Of Group:

A semi-group $<S,\star >$ is a group, if following conditions are satisfied:

1, $\forall a\in F,\exists e\in F,s.t.e\star a=a\star e=a$.

In other words, there exists an identity element in $S$.

2, $\forall a\in F,\exists b\in F,s.t.a\star b=b\star a=e$.

In other words, there exists inverse elements of any elements in $S$.

What’s more, a group is a commutative group, also Abelian group, if $a\star b=b\star a$.

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Examples：

1, Invertible matrices make up a group of addition and multiplication.

2, Unit roots of $n$-degree make up a commutative group of multiplication.

Ring

Definition:

$<S,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$ is a ring, if following conditions are satisfied:

1, $<S,{\star }_1>$ is a commutative group.

2, $<S,{\star }_2>$ is a semi-group.

3, $a{\star }_2(b{\star }_{1}c)=(a{\star }_{2}b){\star }_1(a{\star }_{2}c),(b{\star }_{1}c){\star }_{2}a=(b{\star }_{2}a){\star }_1(c{\star }_{2}a)$.

Additionally, if $a{\star }_{2}b=b{\star }_{2}a$, then $<S,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$ is called a commutative ring.

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If $\exists b\ne 0,s.t.ab=0(ba=0)$, then $a$ is called a left(right) zero divisor.

Only $0$ is both left and right zero divisor, called trivial zero divisor.

Others are non-trivial zero divisors.

If a ring has no non-trivial zero divisor, then it’s a ring without zero divisor.

Unitary Ring

Definition:

A ring $<S,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$ is a unitary ring, if it has identity element of ${\star }_2$.

Domain

A unitary, commutative ring is an (integral) domain, if it has no non-trivial zero divisor.

Ideal

Definition:

A ring $<R,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$.

A sub-ring $A$ of $<R,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$ is a left(right) ideal of $R$, if $\forall x\in A,\forall r\in R,s.t.rx\in A(xr\in A)$, set down as $A⊲R$.

Then you can intuit what is two-sided ideal.

It is a proper ideal, if $x\mapsto rx(xr)$ is not a surjection.

Principal Ideal

∀ a ∈ R , Σ = { I ⊲ R ∣ a ∈ R } . \forall a\in R,\Sigma=\{I\lhd R|a\in R\}. ∀a∈R,Σ={I⊲R∣a∈R}.

Set down $\underset{I\in \Sigma }{\cap }I$ as $<a>$; that is the principal ideal of $R$ generated by $a$.

Sub-ring

Definition:

If non-empty $S_1\in S$ is a ring considering the addition and mutiplication in $S$, then it is called a sub-ring of $S$.

There is a equivalent statement: A sub-ring is a sub-set which is closed with subtraction and mutiplication of $S$. For subtraction can ensure the existence of zero element and inverse elements.

Unit Group

Definition:

A unitary ring $<R,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$.

< { x ∣ x ∈ R , x  is invertible } , ⋆ 2 > <\{x|x\in R,x\text{ is invertible}\},\star_2> <{x∣x∈R,x is invertible},⋆2​> is a group, called the unit group of $<R,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$, set down as $U(R)$.

Elements in $U(R)$ are called units.

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Examples:

U ( M n ( F ) ) = G L n ( F ) = { invertible matrices } . U(M_n(F))=GL_n(F)=\{\text{invertible matrices}\}. U(Mn​(F))=GLn​(F)={invertible matrices}.

Division Ring

Definition:

A unitary ring $<R,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$ is a division ring, if R / { the identity element of  ⋆ 1 } = U ( R ) R/\{\text{the identity element of }\star_1\}=U(R) R/{the identity element of ⋆1​}=U(R).

If you don’t exclude the identity element of ${\star }_1$, you will end up having contradiction.

Field

Definition:

A commutative division ring $<S,{\star }_1,{\star }_2>$ is called a field.

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A field $F$.

Mappings from $S$ to $F$ are called $F$-value functions at $S$.

They form a linear space, set down as $F^S$.

Algebra

Definition:

$<S,+,\times >$ is a unitary ring and $<S,+,\cdot >$, where dot means scalar product on field $F$, is a linear space.

Then $<S,+,\times ,\cdot >$ is an algebra on $F$.

The dimension of this linear space is defined as the dimension of the algebra.