Python 包管理器

Anaconda

首先在 TUNA 下载 Anaconda 安装包。

wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/archive/Anaconda3-2020.11-Linux-x86_64.sh
bash Anaconda3-*.sh

根据提示完成安装，会发现 shell 的启动文件（~/.bashrc 、 ~/.zshrc 等等）中加入了 conda 的初始化脚本。

# >>> conda initialize >>>
# !! Contents within this block are managed by 'conda init' !!
__conda_setup="$('${HOME}/anaconda3/bin/conda' 'shell.zsh' 'hook' 2> /dev/null)"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    eval "$__conda_setup"
else
    if [ -f "${HOME}/anaconda3/etc/profile.d/conda.sh" ]; then
        . "${HOME}/anaconda3/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
    else
        export PATH="${HOME}/anaconda3/bin:$PATH"
    fi
fi
unset __conda_setup
# <<< conda initialize <<<

为了加速 conda 下载速度，可以如下创建一个 ~/.condarc ，将 conda 源换成 TUNA

channels:
  - defaults
show_channel_urls: true
default_channels:
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/r
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/msys2
custom_channels:
  conda-forge: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  msys2: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  bioconda: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  menpo: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  pytorch: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  simpleitk: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud

conda create -n ${ENV_NAME} python=3.8
conda activate ${ENV_NAME}

清华源 SSL 验证失败

报错信息为

$ conda create -n yolo python=3.8
Solving environment: failed                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                  
CondaHTTPError: HTTP 000 CONNECTION FAILED for url <https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/pytorch/linux-64/repodata.
json>                                                                                                                             
Elapsed: -                                                                                                                        
                                                                          
An HTTP error occurred when trying to retrieve this URL.                  
HTTP errors are often intermittent, and a simple retry will get you on your way.                                                  
SSLError(MaxRetryError('HTTPSConnectionPool(host=\'mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /ana$
onda/cloud/pytorch/linux-64/repodata.json (Caused by SSLError(SSLError("bad handshake: Error([(\'SSL routines\', \'ssl3_get_serve$
_certificate\', \'certificate verify failed\')])")))'))

参考 Anaconda建立新的环境，出现CondaHTTPError: HTTP 000 CONNECTION FAILED for url … 解决过程，核心解决方案是将 https 协议切换为 http ，这样就能绕过 SSL 验证

channels:
  - defaults
show_channel_urls: true
ssl_verify: true
default_channels:
  - http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main
  - http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/r
  - http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/msys2
custom_channels:
  conda-forge: http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  msys2: http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  bioconda: http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  menpo: http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  pytorch: http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud
  simpleitk: http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud

pip

参考 TUNA

pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple pip -U
pip config set global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
pip config set global.find-links https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html

配置会写入 ~/.config/pip/pip.conf 。

[global]
index-url = https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
find-links = https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html

将当前目录设置为安全

git config --global --add safe.directory ${project_root}

pip install -r requirements.txt

pyenv

参考 How to Manage your Python Projects with Pipenv & Pyenv 安装 pyenv

# MacOS
brew install pyenv pyenv-virtualenv

# Linux
export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"
command -v pyenv > /dev/null || export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"
command -v pyenv > /dev/null || curl https://pyenv.run | bash

确保 pyenv 被初始化

eval "$(pyenv init -)"
eval "$(pyenv virtualenv-init -)"

使用 pyenv 安装 Python

pyenv versions --bare | grep -q ${python_version} || pyenv install ${python_version}

如果下载安装包过慢，可以通过 npmmirror 下载

wget https://registry.npmmirror.com/-/binary/python/3.11.2/Python-3.11.2.tar.xz -P ~/.pyenv/cache

如果提示缺少库文件，参考 wiki

sudo apt update
sudo apt install build-essential libssl-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev \
    libreadline-dev libsqlite3-dev curl libncursesw5-dev xz-utils tk-dev \
    libxml2-dev libxmlsec1-dev libffi-dev liblzma-dev

pipenv

参考 How to Manage your Python Projects with Pipenv & Pyenv 安装 pipenv

# MacOS
brew install pipenv

# all platforms
pip install pipenv

创建虚拟环境

cd ${project_root}
pipenv install --python ${python_version}

要将虚拟环境创建在项目内部，参考 How to set PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT on per-project basis。

cd ${project_root}
mkdir .venv
touch .venv/.gitkeep

使用虚拟环境

# 进入 pipenv
pipenv shell

# 不进入 pipenv，直接执行命令
pipenv run ${cmd}

Ubuntu 安装多版本 Python

参考 ubuntu18.04通过apt安装python3.7.7与pip3.7最新版本（python3.8同理）

sudo apt update
sudo apt install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
sudo apt install python3.10
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
python3.10 get-pip.py
sudo apt install python3.10-distutils
sudo apt install python3.10-dev

Ubuntu 22.04

sudo apt update
sudo apt install python3.10-venv
sudo apt install python3.10-pip