编译原理与技术（一）——编译器的整体结构

MCQSLW

已于 2024-02-01 19:45:38 修改

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文章标签： c语言汇编 c++

于 2024-02-01 18:55:46 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/MCQSW/article/details/135970440

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一、为什么需要编译器

使用编辑器创建C语言源文件，并保存为以c为扩展名结尾的源文件。

比如下面的C程序保存为A.c。

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
  printf("hello, world!\n");
}

创建该文件后，该文件中的程序代码以字节序列的形式存储在文件中。每个字节都有一个对应于某个字符的值。比如，第一个字节的值为35，对应于字符“#”；第二个字节值为105，对应于字符“i”，以此类推。

但这些字节仅仅表示一个个字符，机器不能读懂这些信息，所以我们需要一些程序来将这些信息翻译成机器能读懂的信息，而这些程序就组成了编译系统。在编译系统中，最主要的就是编译器。

我们只需要把C语言源文件作为输入，让其经过编译系统的处理，便可得到可执行文件，机器就通过读可执行文件来执行相应的功能。

二、Linux中编译和执行C程序的步骤

编译系统可划分为四个程序——预处理器、编译器、汇编器与链接器。

下图展示了一个C语言源文件是如何被编译系统处理的。

接下来我将依次介绍编译系统处理C语言源文件的四个阶段。

（一）预处理（Preprocessing）

预处理由预处理器完成，而预处理器由编译器自动调用。

编译C程序从编译预处理指令（例如#include）开始。

以A.c为例，预处理指令（#include<stdio.h>）告诉预处理器读取系统头文件stdio.h的内容，并将该文件内容直接插入源文件里面，这称为预处理指令被展开。

源文件被预处理后生成以i为扩展名的文件，该文件通常不会存储在磁盘上。

但可以通过单独执行以下命令来得到存储在磁盘上的以i为扩展名的文件。

cpp A.c > A.i

生成A.i后，我们可以查看该文件里面的内容。内容已展示在附录A。

我们会发现，原本5行的源文件，经过预处理器处理后，生成的文件有743行，这些多出来的内容就是所有宏的源代码。

（二）编译(Compilation)

编译由编译器完成。

现代编译可分为6个阶段——词法分析、语法分析、语义分析、中间代码生成、机器无关代码优化与目标代码生成。

通过执行下面命令便可得到汇编语言源程序文件A.s。

gcc -S A.i

A.s会被存储在磁盘上，其内容已展示在附录B中。

（三）汇编（Assembly）

汇编由汇编器完成。

汇编器会将汇编语言翻译为机器语言指令，生成以o为扩展名的目标文件A.o。

我们可以通过下面命令来得到A.o。

as A.s -o A.o

A.o被存储在磁盘上，该文件是二进制文件，我们现在没必要去查看其内容。

（四）链接（Linking）

链接由链接器完成。

为什么需要链接呢？不是已经得到机器语言指令了吗？

这是因为一个可执行文件可能需要许多外部资源（系统函数、C运行时库等）。具体到A.c，就是需要打印(printf)函数，该函数被包含在一个单独的预编译目标文件printf.o中。所以，我们需要链接这些文件。最终，我们可以得到一个可执行文件A。

执行链接的命令十分复杂，有兴趣的读者可以去了解。

从上面可以发现，编译系统处理一个C语言源文件需要执行较多的命令，尤其是链接命令十分复杂。为了提高效率，可以通过一个命令直接将C语言源文件翻译成可执行文件，如下。
gcc A.c -o A

三、现代编译器的构造/阶段

现代编译器的整体结构如下图。

或者说按如下方式划分。

而本博客所介绍的内容如下：

词法分析
语法分析
语义分析
中间代码生成
机器无关代码优化
目标代码生成

（一）词法分析

功能：将程序字符流分解为记号流（Tokens）。

（二）语法分析（Parsing）

功能：由记号流创建语法树。

（三）语义分析

检查程序中的不一致。

（四）中间代码生成

生成与文法和目标机器都无关的中间语言。

（五）机器无关代码优化

（六）目标代码生成

生成最终的机器语言指令。

参考资料：

[1]gcc Compilation Process and Steps of C Program in Linux

[2]USTC 编译原理和技术 2023 (ustc-compiler-principles.github.io)

附录A

# 0 "A.c"
# 0 "<built-in>"
# 0 "<command-line>"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
# 0 "<command-line>" 2
# 1 "A.c"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 1 3 4
# 33 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4
# 392 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/features-time64.h" 1 3 4
# 20 "/usr/include/features-time64.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 21 "/usr/include/features-time64.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 1 3 4
# 19 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 20 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 2 3 4
# 22 "/usr/include/features-time64.h" 2 3 4
# 393 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 486 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4
# 559 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 560 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/long-double.h" 1 3 4
# 561 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 487 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 510 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4
# 10 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-64.h" 1 3 4
# 11 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4
# 511 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 34 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 2 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 209 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/include/stddef.h" 3 4

# 209 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/include/stddef.h" 3 4
typedef long unsigned int size_t;
# 34 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4


# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4
# 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/include/stdarg.h" 3 4
typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;
# 37 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 1 3 4
# 19 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 20 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 2 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4


typedef unsigned char __u_char;
typedef unsigned short int __u_short;
typedef unsigned int __u_int;
typedef unsigned long int __u_long;


typedef signed char __int8_t;
typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef signed short int __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;
typedef signed int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;

typedef signed long int __int64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __uint64_t;






typedef __int8_t __int_least8_t;
typedef __uint8_t __uint_least8_t;
typedef __int16_t __int_least16_t;
typedef __uint16_t __uint_least16_t;
typedef __int32_t __int_least32_t;
typedef __uint32_t __uint_least32_t;
typedef __int64_t __int_least64_t;
typedef __uint64_t __uint_least64_t;



typedef long int __quad_t;
typedef unsigned long int __u_quad_t;







typedef long int __intmax_t;
typedef unsigned long int __uintmax_t;
# 141 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4
# 142 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/time64.h" 1 3 4
# 143 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4


typedef unsigned long int __dev_t;
typedef unsigned int __uid_t;
typedef unsigned int __gid_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino64_t;
typedef unsigned int __mode_t;
typedef unsigned long int __nlink_t;
typedef long int __off_t;
typedef long int __off64_t;
typedef int __pid_t;
typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;
typedef long int __clock_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim64_t;
typedef unsigned int __id_t;
typedef long int __time_t;
typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;
typedef long int __suseconds_t;
typedef long int __suseconds64_t;

typedef int __daddr_t;
typedef int __key_t;


typedef int __clockid_t;


typedef void * __timer_t;


typedef long int __blksize_t;




typedef long int __blkcnt_t;
typedef long int __blkcnt64_t;


typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt64_t;


typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt64_t;


typedef long int __fsword_t;

typedef long int __ssize_t;


typedef long int __syscall_slong_t;

typedef unsigned long int __syscall_ulong_t;



typedef __off64_t __loff_t;
typedef char *__caddr_t;


typedef long int __intptr_t;


typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;




typedef int __sig_atomic_t;
# 39 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos_t.h" 1 3 4




# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__mbstate_t.h" 1 3 4
# 13 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__mbstate_t.h" 3 4
typedef struct
{
  int __count;
  union
  {
    unsigned int __wch;
    char __wchb[4];
  } __value;
} __mbstate_t;
# 6 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos_t.h" 2 3 4




typedef struct _G_fpos_t
{
  __off_t __pos;
  __mbstate_t __state;
} __fpos_t;
# 40 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos64_t.h" 1 3 4
# 10 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos64_t.h" 3 4
typedef struct _G_fpos64_t
{
  __off64_t __pos;
  __mbstate_t __state;
} __fpos64_t;
# 41 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__FILE.h" 1 3 4



struct _IO_FILE;
typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;
# 42 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/FILE.h" 1 3 4



struct _IO_FILE;


typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;
# 43 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/struct_FILE.h" 1 3 4
# 35 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/struct_FILE.h" 3 4
struct _IO_FILE;
struct _IO_marker;
struct _IO_codecvt;
struct _IO_wide_data;




typedef void _IO_lock_t;





struct _IO_FILE
{
  int _flags;


  char *_IO_read_ptr;
  char *_IO_read_end;
  char *_IO_read_base;
  char *_IO_write_base;
  char *_IO_write_ptr;
  char *_IO_write_end;
  char *_IO_buf_base;
  char *_IO_buf_end;


  char *_IO_save_base;
  char *_IO_backup_base;
  char *_IO_save_end;

  struct _IO_marker *_markers;

  struct _IO_FILE *_chain;

  int _fileno;
  int _flags2;
  __off_t _old_offset;


  unsigned short _cur_column;
  signed char _vtable_offset;
  char _shortbuf[1];

  _IO_lock_t *_lock;







  __off64_t _offset;

  struct _IO_codecvt *_codecvt;
  struct _IO_wide_data *_wide_data;
  struct _IO_FILE *_freeres_list;
  void *_freeres_buf;
  size_t __pad5;
  int _mode;

  char _unused2[15 * sizeof (int) - 4 * sizeof (void *) - sizeof (size_t)];
};
# 44 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 52 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef __gnuc_va_list va_list;
# 63 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef __off_t off_t;
# 77 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef __ssize_t ssize_t;






typedef __fpos_t fpos_t;
# 133 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/stdio_lim.h" 1 3 4
# 134 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 143 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *stdin;
extern FILE *stdout;
extern FILE *stderr;






extern int remove (const char *__filename) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int rename (const char *__old, const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));



extern int renameat (int __oldfd, const char *__old, int __newfd,
       const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 178 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fclose (FILE *__stream);
# 188 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *tmpfile (void)
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;
# 205 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern char *tmpnam (char[20]) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;




extern char *tmpnam_r (char __s[20]) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;
# 222 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern char *tempnam (const char *__dir, const char *__pfx)
   __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (__builtin_free, 1)));






extern int fflush (FILE *__stream);
# 239 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
# 258 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fopen (const char *__restrict __filename,
      const char *__restrict __modes)
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;




extern FILE *freopen (const char *__restrict __filename,
        const char *__restrict __modes,
        FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
# 293 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fdopen (int __fd, const char *__modes) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;
# 308 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fmemopen (void *__s, size_t __len, const char *__modes)
  __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;




extern FILE *open_memstream (char **__bufloc, size_t *__sizeloc) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;
# 328 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void setbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));



extern int setvbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,
      int __modes, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));




extern void setbuffer (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,
         size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));


extern void setlinebuf (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));







extern int fprintf (FILE *__restrict __stream,
      const char *__restrict __format, ...);




extern int printf (const char *__restrict __format, ...);

extern int sprintf (char *__restrict __s,
      const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));





extern int vfprintf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg);




extern int vprintf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg);

extern int vsprintf (char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern int snprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,
       const char *__restrict __format, ...)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)));

extern int vsnprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,
        const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)));
# 403 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int vdprintf (int __fd, const char *__restrict __fmt,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)));
extern int dprintf (int __fd, const char *__restrict __fmt, ...)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)));







extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream,
     const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;




extern int scanf (const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;

extern int sscanf (const char *__restrict __s,
     const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));





# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn.h" 1 3 4
# 119 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn-common.h" 1 3 4
# 24 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn-common.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/long-double.h" 1 3 4
# 25 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn-common.h" 2 3 4
# 120 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn.h" 2 3 4
# 431 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4



extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream, const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_fscanf")

                               ;
extern int scanf (const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_scanf")
                              ;
extern int sscanf (const char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_sscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))

                      ;
# 459 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,
      __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;





extern int vscanf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;


extern int vsscanf (const char *__restrict __s,
      const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));





extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vfscanf")



     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;
extern int vscanf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vscanf")

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;
extern int vsscanf (const char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vsscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))



     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));
# 513 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetc (FILE *__stream);
extern int getc (FILE *__stream);





extern int getchar (void);






extern int getc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
extern int getchar_unlocked (void);
# 538 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
# 549 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fputc (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern int putc (int __c, FILE *__stream);





extern int putchar (int __c);
# 565 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fputc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);







extern int putc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern int putchar_unlocked (int __c);






extern int getw (FILE *__stream);


extern int putw (int __w, FILE *__stream);







extern char *fgets (char *__restrict __s, int __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)
     __attribute__ ((__access__ (__write_only__, 1, 2)));
# 632 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern __ssize_t __getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,
                             size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,
                             FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
extern __ssize_t getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,
                           size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,
                           FILE *__restrict __stream) ;







extern __ssize_t getline (char **__restrict __lineptr,
                          size_t *__restrict __n,
                          FILE *__restrict __stream) ;







extern int fputs (const char *__restrict __s, FILE *__restrict __stream);





extern int puts (const char *__s);






extern int ungetc (int __c, FILE *__stream);






extern size_t fread (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
       size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;




extern size_t fwrite (const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
        size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s);
# 702 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
         size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
          size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream);







extern int fseek (FILE *__stream, long int __off, int __whence);




extern long int ftell (FILE *__stream) ;




extern void rewind (FILE *__stream);
# 736 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fseeko (FILE *__stream, __off_t __off, int __whence);




extern __off_t ftello (FILE *__stream) ;
# 760 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetpos (FILE *__restrict __stream, fpos_t *__restrict __pos);




extern int fsetpos (FILE *__stream, const fpos_t *__pos);
# 786 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void clearerr (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int feof (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern int ferror (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;



extern void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
extern int feof_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;
extern int ferror_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;







extern void perror (const char *__s);




extern int fileno (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;




extern int fileno_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;
# 823 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int pclose (FILE *__stream);





extern FILE *popen (const char *__command, const char *__modes)
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (pclose, 1))) ;






extern char *ctermid (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))
  __attribute__ ((__access__ (__write_only__, 1)));
# 867 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void flockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));



extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;


extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 885 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int __uflow (FILE *);
extern int __overflow (FILE *, int);
# 902 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 2 "A.c" 2

# 2 "A.c"
int main()
{
  printf("hello, world!\n");
}

附录B

	.file	"A.c"
	.text
	.section	.rodata
.LC0:
	.string	"hello, world!"
	.text
	.globl	main
	.type	main, @function
main:
.LFB0:
	.cfi_startproc
	endbr64
	pushq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
	.cfi_offset 6, -16
	movq	%rsp, %rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
	leaq	.LC0(%rip), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rdi
	call	puts@PLT
	movl	$0, %eax
	popq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
	.size	main, .-main
	.ident	"GCC: (Ubuntu 11.4.0-1ubuntu1~22.04) 11.4.0"
	.section	.note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
	.section	.note.gnu.property,"a"
	.align 8
	.long	1f - 0f
	.long	4f - 1f
	.long	5
0:
	.string	"GNU"
1:
	.align 8
	.long	0xc0000002
	.long	3f - 2f
2:
	.long	0x3
3:
	.align 8
4: