arXiv journal 2022.0104

Antimatter in the Milky Way
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.15255.pdf

Abstract: Recent astronomical observations indicating a strikingly abundant presence of antimatter in the Galaxy, in particular, of anti-stars are reviewed. Long-time earlier theoretical predictions are briefly discussed.

Uniformizing Lee-Yang Singularities
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.14269.pdf

Abstract: Motivated by the search for the QCD critical point, we discuss how to obtain the singular behavior of a thermodynamic system near a critical point, namely the Lee-Yang singularities, from a limited amount of local data generated in a different region of the phase diagram. We show that by using a limited number of Taylor series coefficients, it is possible to reconstruct the equation of state past the radius of convergence, in particular in the critical region. Furthermore we also show that it is possible to extend this reconstruction to go from a crossover region to the first-order transition region in the phase diagram, using a uniformizing map to pass between Riemann sheets. We illustrate these ideas via the Chiral Random Matrix Model and the Ising Model.
Comments: I have no idea what this paper talks about.

Chaos by Magic
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.14593.pdf

Abstract: There is a property of a quantum state called magic. It measures how difficult for a classical computer to simulate the state. In this paper, we study magic of states in the integrable and chaotic regimes of the higher-spin generalization of the Ising model through two quantities called “Mana” and “Robustness of Magic” (RoM). We find that in the chaotic regime, Mana increases monotonically in time in the early-time region, and at late times these quantities oscillate around some non-zero value that increases linearly with respect to the system size. Our result also suggests that under chaotic dynamics, any state evolves to a state whose Mana almost saturates the optimal upper bound, i.e., the state becomes “maximally magical.” We find that RoM also shows similar behaviors. On the other hand, in the integrable regime, Mana and RoM behave periodically in time in contrast to the chaotic case. In the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence (AdS/CFT correspondence), classical spacetime emerges from the chaotic nature of the dual quantum system. Our result suggests that magic of quantum states is strongly involved behind the emergence of spacetime geometry.
Comments: I have no idea what this paper talks about too.

The Hierarchical Organization of Syntax
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.05783.pdf

Abstract: Hierarchies are the backbones of complex systems and their analysis allows for a deeper understanding of their structure and how they evolve. We consider languages to be also complex adaptive systems. Hence, we analyzed the hierarchical organization of historical syntactic networks from German that were created from a corpus of texts from the 11th to 17th centuries. We tracked the emergence of syntactic structures in these networks and mapped them to specific communicative needs. We named these emerging structures communicative hierarchies. We hypothesise that the communicative needs of speakers are the organizational force of syntax. We propose that the emergence of these multiple communicative hierarchies is what shapes syntax, and that these hierarchies are the prerequisite to the Zipf’s law. The emergence of communicative hierarchies indicates that the objective of language evolution is not only to increase the efficiency of transferring information. Language is also evolving to increase our capacity to communicate more sophisticated abstractions as we advance as a species.

The effective noise of Stochastic Gradient Descent
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.10852.pdf

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is the workhorse algorithm of deep learning technology. At each step of the training phase, a mini batch of samples is drawn from the training dataset and the weights of the neural network are adjusted according to the performance on this specific subset of examples. The mini-batch sampling procedure introduces a stochastic dynamics to the gradient descent, with a non-trivial state-dependent noise. We characterize the stochasticity of SGD and a recently-introduced variant, persistent SGD, in a prototypical neural network model. In the under-parametrized regime, where the final training error is positive, the SGD dynamics reaches a stationary state and we define an effective temperature from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, computed from dynamical mean-field theory. We use the effective temperature to quantify the magnitude of the SGD noise as a function of the problem parameters. In the over-parametrized regime, where the training error vanishes, we measure the noise magnitude of SGD by computing the average distance between two replicas of the system with the same initialization and two different realizations of SGD noise. We find that the two noise measures behave similarly as a function of the problem parameters. Moreover, we observe that noisier algorithms lead to wider decision boundaries of the corresponding constraint satisfaction problem.