The Mix Max Company是一系列会计入门的习题,常用于海外院校的会计课程,训练学生根据一个假想的公司的经营情况制作财务报表,分析公司的经营情况。
12月题目要求:
1)根据公司在11月的经营情况,在T-Accounts中列出所有账户的Beginning Balance(BB)
2)根据12月的经营情况整理出Journal Entry
3)根据Journal Entry列出更新后的T-Accounts
4)根据T-Accounts中的信息制作Balance Sheet, Income Statement和Cash Receipts & Disbursements Statement
*注意:这家公司所有的支付全都是通过On Credit的方式进行付款的,因此在交易时不涉及现金,全部是记到账上事后付款的。
1. 列出Beginning Balance
11月的经营情况如下:
Asset:
Cash 7500
Inventory 5000
Prepaid Rent 3500Total Asset 16000
Liability:
Customer advance 2000
Account payable 1000
Owner's Equity:Common stock 13000
Total Liability+Owner's Equity 16000
我们可以根据这些信息填写所有T-Account的Beginning Balance,即月初最开始的余额。对于上个月不存在的账户,则将Beginning Balance写为0。
*该模版由老师给出,因此包括了一些上个月没有涉及的项目和一些空白的T-Account,用来填写本月的信息。
2. 整理出12月的Journal Entry
12月发生的Accounting Events:
A Sales Revenue recognized during the month were as follows:
Cash Sales $2,600
Credit Sales $7,300
Sales to Customers that paid in Advance $2,100
Total $12,000B Operating expenses (exclusive of rent) were $2,500
C Advances received from customers during the month were $1,500
D Credit purchases of merchandise inventory were $8,000
E Collections from credit customers were $5,700
F Taxes, accrued and paid during the month, were $1,200
G Payments to suppliers of services rendered were $2,300
H Cost of goods sold was $6,000
I Payments to suppliers of merchandise were $5,400
J Rent expense was $500
A)Sales Revenue recognized during the month were as follows:
Cash Sales $2,600
Credit Sales $7,300
Sales to Customers that paid in Advance $2,100
Total $12,000
a) Cash Sales
Asset (+$2600) = Liability + Owner's Equity (+$2600)
DR: Cash $2600 - (Asset)
CR: Sales Revenue $2600 - (Owner's Equity)
解:题目已经提及这里的Revenue都是已经被认可的,因此可以把这些赚到的钱视为Revenue,隶属于Owner's Equity。现金和收入同时增加,等式保持平衡。
b) Credit Sales
Asset (+$7300) = Liability + Owner's Equity (+$7300)
DR: Account Receivable $7300 - (Asset)
CR: Sales Revenue $7300 - (Owner's Asset)
解:Credit Sale指的是货物已经卖出去,但还没收到钱的情况。对方欠我们的钱就是Account Receivable。同时,因为这笔尚未收到的货款已经被视为Revenue,Sales Revenue也随之增加$7300。
c) Sales to Customers that paid in Advance
Asset = Liability (-$2100) + Owner's Equity (+$2100)
DR: Customer Advance -$2100 (Liability)
CR: Sales Revenue $2100 (Owner's Equity)
解:这里的情况是客户已经早先付过了钱,我们现在才兑现交易,因此在交易成功后我们可以清除$2100的欠款,即隶属Liability的Customer Advance,并将这笔钱记为Sales Revenue。
B)Operating expenses (exclusive of rent) were $2,500
Asset = Liability (+$2500) + Owner's Equity (+$2500)
DR: Operating expense $2500 - (Owner's Equity)
CR: Account Payable - Service $2500 - (Liability)
解:由于我们知道这家公司的所有交易都采用事后付款的方式,因此花费了运营费用后并不会立刻采用现金支付,而是先记在Account Payable的账上。
Operating Expense其实是个比较广泛的概念,很多费用都可以往里面装。往后看到G项的时候会发现Account Payable - Service的Begining Balance是0,但我们却需要还清这里面的欠款,这明显不正常——还没欠钱怎么可能需要还钱呢?
因此,我们可以推断出这里的Operating Expense实际上被记到Account Payable - Service中了,我们在G项付清的欠款其实是Operating Expense的一部分。
在这里,这个公司雇佣的可能是清洁服务等第三方公司的服务。
C)Advances received from customers during the month were $1,500
Asset (+$1500) = Liability (+$1500) + Owner's Equity
DR: Cash $1500 - (Asset)
CR: Customer Advance $1500 - (Liability)
解:收到客户的预付款,尚未发货,因此不涉及库存。收到$1500导致现金的增加,但同时也增加了$1500的债务。
D)Credit purchases of merchandise inventory were $8,000
Asset (+$8000) = Liability (+$8000) + Owner's Equity
DR: Inventory $8000 - (Asset)
CR: Account Payable - Merchandise $8000 - (Liability)
解:已经收到了货物,但还没付款。库存的增加导致了Asset的增加,同时也导致了债务的增加。
E)Collections from credit customers were $5,700
Asset (+$5700)(-$5700) = Liability + Owner's Equity
DR: Cash $5700 - (Asset)
CR: Account Receivable -$5700 (Asset)
解:之前有客户订购了商品,但尚未付款,现在终于把钱付了。在库存减少的同时,虽然没有立刻得到现金,但Account Receivable会增加$5700,也属于公司的资产。而现在,我们收到了现金,终于可以把这笔钱从Account Receivable转为Cash了。等式同侧的变动符号相反。
F)Taxes, accrued and paid during the month, were $1,200
Asset = Liability ($1200) + Owner's Equity (-$1200)
DR: Tax Expense $1200 (Owner's Equity)
CR: Tax Payable $1200 (Liability)
Asset (-$1200) = Liability (-$1200) + Owner's Equity
DR: Tax Payable -$1200 - (Liability)
CR: Cash -$1200 (Asset)
解:税金也属于Expense,因为公司享用了政府的一些服务帮助其进行运营,是其盈利的必要开支。Expense是Owner's Equity中比较特殊的一项,它的增加代表着Owner's Equity的减少——花得越多,剩下的钱也就越小。在T-Account中,它的增加也被记在左侧而不是右侧。
Accrue代表整理和计算本月总共的税金。一些公司会选择随时交税,有税就交,另一些则选择整合所有要交的税金到月底再支付。题目中的公司就属于后者。统计需要交的税金、将其列为Tax Payable的这个过程就相当于Accrue。
Tax Payable这个临时账户会经历一个入账 + 出账的过程,完成之后里面的余额为0,我们就可以关闭这个账户,无需将其记在最后的财务报表上。
G)Payments to suppliers of services rendered were $2,300
Asset (-$2300) = Liability (-$2300) + Owner's Equity
DR: Account Payable - Service -$2300 - (Liability)
CR: Cash -$2300 - (Asset)
解:我们收到了服务,但没有立刻付款,这创建了一个针对服务的Accout Payable。而当我们支付$2300的服务费时,现金减少,这笔欠账也随之减少。
在书写T-Account的时候,我们会发现Account Payable - Service的Begining Balance是0,但我们却需要还清这里面的欠款,这明显不正常——还没欠钱怎么可能需要还钱呢?
因此,我们可以推断出前面B项中的Operating Expense实际上被记到Account Payable - Service中了,我们在这里付清的欠款其实是Operating Expense的一部分。
在这里,这个公司雇佣的可能是清洁服务等第三方公司的服务。
H)Cost of goods sold was $6,000
Asset (-$6000) = Liability + Owner's Equity (-$6000)
DR: Cost of good sold $6000 - (Owner's Equity)
CR: Inventory -$6000 - (Asset)
解:Cost of good sold(COGS)是卖出商品的成本,比如进货成本。在卖出货物的时候,库存减少$6000,同时COGS增加$6000。
由于COGS是Expense的一种,它同样遵循Expense的规律:增加时记在左边,减少时记在右边。
I)Payments to suppliers of merchandise were $5,400
Asset (-$5400) = Liability (-$5400) + Owner's Equity
DR: Account Payable - Merchandise -$5400 - (Liability)
CR: Cash -$5400 - (Asset)
解:之前我们在D项看到公司购买了一些credit purchase的商品,即先记在账上,之后付钱,那么现在就是付钱的时候了。当我们清掉$5400的债务时,现金也随之减少。
J)Rent expense was $500
Asset (-$500) = Liability + Owner's Equity (-$500)
DR: Rent expense $500 - (Owner's Equity)
CR: Prepaid rent -$500 - (Asset)
解:在11月的题目中,我们已经提前支付了未来7个月的房租,将现金转换为了另一种Asset:Prepaid Rent。因此,在12月时无需再扣款现金,而是在Prepaid Rent这一账目进行扣款,将其转换为Expense——Asset适用于未来的所有权,Expense适用于已经花费掉的资源。由于这一个月已经过完,因此这一个月的房租就不再是Asset,而转换为Expense。
整合下来,所有的Journal Entry应该如下:
A)Sales Revenue:
DR: Cash $2600 - (Asset)
CR: Sales Revenue $2600 - (Owner's Equity)
DR: Account Receivable $7300 - (Asset)
CR: Sales Revenue $7300 - (Owner's Asset)
DR: Customer Advance -$2100 (Liability)
CR: Sales Revenue $2100 (Owner's Equity)
B) Operating Expense:
DR: Operating expense $2300 - (Owner's Equity)
CR: Account Payable - Service $2500 - (Liability)
C) Customer Advance:
DR: Cash $1500 - (Asset)
CR: Customer Advance $1500 - (Liability)
D) Credit purchase of inventory:
DR: Inventory $8000 - (Asset)
CR: Account Payable - Merchandise $8000 - (Liability)
E) Collection from credit customers:
DR: Cash $5700 - (Asset)
CR: Account Receivable -$5700 (Asset)
F) Taxes, accrued and paid
DR: Tax Expense $1200 (Owner's Equity)
CR: Tax Payable $1200 (Liability)
DR: Tax Payable -$1200 - (Liability)
CR: Cash -$1200 (Asset)
G) Payments of services:
DR: Account Payable - Service -$2300 - (Liability)
CR: Cash -$2300 - (Asset)
H) COGS:
DR: Cost of good sold $6000 - (Owner's Equity)
CR: Inventory -$6000 - (Asset)
I) Payment of merchandise:
DR: Account Payable - Merchandise -$5400 - (Liability)
CR: Cash -$5400 - (Asset)
J) Rent Expense:
DR: Rent expense $500 - (Owner's Equity)
CR: Prepaid rent -$500 - (Asset)
3. 列出更新后的T-Accounts
A)Sales Revenue:
DR: Cash $2600 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Sales Revenue $2600 ——Owner's Equity增加,记在右侧
DR: Account Receivable $7300 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Sales Revenue $7300 ——Owner's Equity增加,记在右侧
DR: Customer Advance -$2100 ——Liability减少,记在左侧
CR: Sales Revenue $2100 ——Owner's Equity增加,记在右侧
B) Operating Expense:
DR: Operating expense $2500 ——Expense增加,记在左侧
CR: Account Payable - Service $2500 ——Liability增加,记在右侧
*注意:operating expense是一个临时账户,因此不存在Beginning Balance。Tax Expense、Sales Revenue、COGS、Rent Expense都是临时账户,这些账户最后的Balance会为0,因此会关闭掉,不出现在Balance Sheet上。
C) Customer Advance:
DR: Cash $1500 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Customer Advance $1500 -——Liability增加,记在右侧
D) Credit purchase of inventory:
DR: Inventory $8000 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Account Payable - Merchandise $8000 ——Liability增加,记在右侧
E) Collection from credit customers:
DR: Cash $5700 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Account Receivable -$5700 ——Asset减少,记在右侧
F) Taxes, accrued and paid
DR: Tax Expense $1200 ——Expense增加,记在左侧
CR: Tax Payable $1200 ——Liability增加,记在右侧
DR: Tax Payable -$1200 ——Liability减少,记在左侧
CR: Cash -$1200 ——Asset减少,记在右侧
当Tax Payable这个临时账户中的金额为0时,可以将账户关闭,在这里标为灰色。
G) Payments of services:
DR: Account Payable - Service -$2300 ——Liability减少,记在左侧
CR: Cash -$2300 ——Asset减少,记在右侧
H) COGS:
DR: Cost of good sold $6000 ——Expense增加,记在左侧
CR: Inventory -$6000 ——Asset减少,记在右侧
I) Payment of merchandise:
DR: Account Payable - Merchandise -$5400 ——Liability减少,记在左侧
CR: Cash -$5400 ——Asset减少,记在右侧
J) Rent Expense:
DR: Rent expense $500 ——Expense增加,记在左侧
CR: Prepaid rent -$500 ——Asset减少,记在右侧
最后,我们可以根据以上的数值计算出每个账户的Ending Balance:
4. 制作Income Statement
到这里所有以上的Journal Entry都填写完了,我们现在需要做的就是将所有的Revenue和Expense整理出来。
- 以上涉及的Revenue账户:Sales Revenue
- 以上涉及的Expense账户:COGS、Rent Expense、Operating Expenses、Tax Expense
我们需要将这些项目都整合在一个新的T-Account,Income Statement中,计算出Retained Earning,或者Net Income,即所有Revenue减去所有Expense之后剩下的钱。同样,位于左侧的各项目继续位于左侧,位于右侧的各项目继续位于右侧。
在将金额转移到Income Statement账户后,原先的临时账户余额就都成了0,因此都可以关闭掉。
最终,我们可以发现计算出的Net Income为1800。我们将这个金额转移到Retained Earning账户中,并将Income Statement这个临时账户也关闭掉。
至此,我们可以根据Income Statement账户中的信息制作Income Statement,其中通常包括几个重要指标:
- Gross Profit = Revenue - COGS
- Income before taxes = Gross Profit - Expense (except taxes)
- Net Income = Income before taxes - taxes
The Mix Max Company
Income Statement
December 2020
Sales Revenue $ 12,000
Cost of Goods Sold (6,000)
Gross Profit 6,000
Rent Expense (500)
Operating Expenses (2,500)
Income before Taxes 3,000
Tax Expense (1,200)
Net Income $ 1,800
5. 制作Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet上只需要列出所有没有被关闭的账户:
- Asset: Cash, Account Receivable, Inventory, Prepaid Rent
- Liability: Customer Advance, Account Payable - Merchandise, Account Payable - Services
- Owner's Equity: Common Stock, Retained Earnings
我们将月初和月末各账户的金额分别列出,展现金额随着时间的变化:
The MixMax Company
Balance Sheet
12/1 12/31
Assets
Cash $ 7,500 $ 8,400
Accounts Receivable 0 1,600
Inventory 5,000 7,000
Prepaid Rent 3,500 3,000
Total Assets $ 16,000 $ 20,000
Liabilities &Owners' Equity
Advances from Customers $ 2,000 $ 1,400
Accounts Payable - Merchandise 1,000 3,600
Accounts Payable - Services 0 200
Common Stock 13,000 13,000
Retained Earnings 0 1,800
Total Liabilities &Owners' Equity $ 16,000 $ 20,000
6. 制作Cash Receipts & Disbursements Statement
Cash Receipts & Disbursements Statement和Cash Flow Statement很相似,但后者还会记录一些公司的投资记录、筹款记录等更复杂的信息,前者则更为简单,适用于小公司记录日常运营收支。
我们需要列清楚每个入账和出账的来源,计算出当月现金金额的变动,并对比月初和月末的现金量。注意:我们只记录这个月现金的变化,不要将上个月积攒下来的Beginning Balance也算进去。
利用T-Account,我们可以计算出Cash在12月总共的入账和出账金额,以及月初和月末现金金额的变动:
The Mix Max Company
Cash Receipts & Disbursements Statement
December 2020
Cash Receipts
Collections from Customers $ 9,800
Cash Disbursements
Payments to:
Suppliers of Merchandise (5,400)
Suppliers of Services (2,300)
Taxes (1,200)
Total Payments (8,900)
Net Change in Cash $ 900
Cash, December 1 7,500
Cash, December 31 $ 8,400