Vulkan中的SwapChain、FrameBuffer和RenderPass：概念理解及关系

SwapChain：交换链

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VkSwapChain是Vulkan中管理图像呈现的关键组件之一。它负责处理窗口表面的图像，以便在屏幕上进行呈现。它包含一个或多个VkImage图像对象（双缓冲对应2张图像，三缓冲对应有3张）。VkImage是通过VkImageView来访问的。

VkImageView图像视图，用于指定图像的格式、范围以及如何访问图像的方式。实际上，imageView并没有直接存储图像数据，你可以将其比喻为一个"窗口"，你可以透过这个窗口看到图像的一部分，同时指定这个窗口的属性，比如窗口的大小、位置等。在这个比喻中，图像数据是窗户背后的实际场景。

创建流程大致为：

• 填充VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR结构体，通过PFN_vkCreateSwapchainKHR来创建交换链对象，并通过PFN_vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR来获取交换链的图像
• 为每个图像创建一个VkImageView

FrameBuffer：帧缓冲

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framebuffer 是由一组附件（attachments）组成的，这些附件可以包括颜色附件、深度附件等。

注意： 在vulkan中，framebuffer的附件是image view

通常，当你进行渲染时，至少需要一个颜色附件，而这个颜色附件可以是与 swapchain 关联的 imageView。这是因为最终渲染的图像需要显示在屏幕上，而 swapchain的imageView就是用来呈现到屏幕上的，因此作为渲染的最终目标位置。

如果你有其他需要渲染的内容，例如深度、法线等，你可以在 framebuffer 中包含额外的附件。这样，渲染过程可以将结果输出到这些附件，做离屏渲染而不仅仅是直接显示在屏幕上。

总体而言，framebuffer 的附件设置是根据你的渲染需求而定的，但通常会包括至少一个与 swapchain 相关的颜色附件。

RenderPass：渲染通道

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RenderPass定义了渲染操作的结构和执行顺序。它规定了图形渲染管线在一个FrameBuffer中执行的全部步骤。RenderPass包含多个Subpass，每个Subpass都描述了一部分渲染操作，可以包括顶点着色、片段着色、深度测试等。Subpass之间可以有依赖关系，确保它们按正确的顺序执行。

renderpass不直接引用附件的实际资源。它定义了这个流程中，需要的附件的数量、类型、格式等信息，但并没有指定附件的具体内容或内存。具体的附件资源是在创建 Framebuffer（帧缓冲）时绑定到 Render Pass 中的。

创建了renderpass对象之后，需要将其绑定到具体的FrameBuffer对象上（通过在VkFramebufferCreateInfo中进行指定）

SwapChain、FrameBuffer与RenderPass的整体关系：

SwapChain提供了可以呈现到屏幕上的图像和图像视图，FrameBuffer关联了这些图像视图，并指定了RenderPass，RenderPass定义了渲染操作的步骤和依赖关系。

实例(G-Bbuffer)：延迟渲染的offscreen渲染阶段的framebuffer的创建流程，

struct FrameBufferAttachment {
	VkImage image;
	VkDeviceMemory mem;
	VkImageView view;	// 真正绑定到VkFrameBuffer的是view
	VkFormat format;
};
struct FrameBuffer {
	int32_t width, height;
	VkFramebuffer frameBuffer;
	FrameBufferAttachment position, normal, albedo;
	FrameBufferAttachment depth;
	VkRenderPass renderPass;
} offScreenFrameBuf;

void prepareOffscreenFramebuffer()
{
	offScreenFrameBuf.width = FB_DIM;
	offScreenFrameBuf.height = FB_DIM;

	// Color attachments

	// (World space) Positions
	createAttachment(
		VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
		VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
		&offScreenFrameBuf.position);

	// (World space) Normals
	createAttachment(
		VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
		VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
		&offScreenFrameBuf.normal);

	// Albedo (color)
	createAttachment(
		VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
		VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
		&offScreenFrameBuf.albedo);

	// Depth attachment

	// Find a suitable depth format
	VkFormat attDepthFormat;
	VkBool32 validDepthFormat = vks::tools::getSupportedDepthFormat(physicalDevice, &attDepthFormat);
	assert(validDepthFormat);

	createAttachment(
		attDepthFormat,
		VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
		&offScreenFrameBuf.depth);

	// 需要单独的subpass来渲染到G-Buffer中
	// Set up separate renderpass with references to the color and depth attachments
	std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 4> attachmentDescs = {};

	// Init attachment properties
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
	{
		attachmentDescs[i].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		attachmentDescs[i].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		attachmentDescs[i].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		attachmentDescs[i].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		attachmentDescs[i].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		if (i == 3)	// 第4个放深度模板附件
		{
			attachmentDescs[i].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			attachmentDescs[i].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		}
		else
		{
			attachmentDescs[i].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			attachmentDescs[i].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
		}
	}

	// Formats
	attachmentDescs[0].format = offScreenFrameBuf.position.format;
	attachmentDescs[1].format = offScreenFrameBuf.normal.format;
	attachmentDescs[2].format = offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.format;
	attachmentDescs[3].format = offScreenFrameBuf.depth.format;

	std::vector<VkAttachmentReference> colorReferences;
	colorReferences.push_back({ 0, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });
	colorReferences.push_back({ 1, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });
	colorReferences.push_back({ 2, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });

	VkAttachmentReference depthReference = {};
	depthReference.attachment = 3;
	depthReference.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

	VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
	subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
	subpass.pColorAttachments = colorReferences.data();
	subpass.colorAttachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(colorReferences.size());
	subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthReference;

	// Use subpass dependencies for attachment layout transitions
	std::array<VkSubpassDependency, 2> dependencies;

	dependencies[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
	dependencies[0].dstSubpass = 0;
	dependencies[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
	dependencies[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
	dependencies[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
	dependencies[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
	dependencies[0].dependencyFlags = VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT;

	dependencies[1].srcSubpass = 0;
	dependencies[1].dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
	dependencies[1].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
	dependencies[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
	dependencies[1].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
	dependencies[1].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
	dependencies[1].dependencyFlags = VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT;

	VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
	renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
	renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachmentDescs.data();
	renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachmentDescs.size());
	renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
	renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
	renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 2;
	renderPassInfo.pDependencies = dependencies.data();

	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass));
	
	// 注意绑定到framebuffer的附件，是VkImageView
	std::array<VkImageView,4> attachments;
	attachments[0] = offScreenFrameBuf.position.view;
	attachments[1] = offScreenFrameBuf.normal.view;
	attachments[2] = offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.view;
	attachments[3] = offScreenFrameBuf.depth.view;

	VkFramebufferCreateInfo fbufCreateInfo = {};
	fbufCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
	fbufCreateInfo.pNext = NULL;
	fbufCreateInfo.renderPass = offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass;
	fbufCreateInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
	fbufCreateInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
	fbufCreateInfo.width = offScreenFrameBuf.width;
	fbufCreateInfo.height = offScreenFrameBuf.height;
	fbufCreateInfo.layers = 1;
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &fbufCreateInfo, nullptr, &offScreenFrameBuf.frameBuffer));

	// Create sampler to sample from the color attachments
	VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
	sampler.magFilter = VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
	sampler.minFilter = VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
	sampler.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
	sampler.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
	sampler.addressModeV = sampler.addressModeU;
	sampler.addressModeW = sampler.addressModeU;
	sampler.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
	sampler.maxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
	sampler.minLod = 0.0f;
	sampler.maxLod = 1.0f;
	sampler.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device, &sampler, nullptr, &colorSampler));
}