BLUEZ学习笔记_GATT_server_client_简单解析

 文章参考了以下内容

蓝牙bluez5的开发方法及入门教程_bluez蓝牙配网demo-CSDN博客文章浏览阅读1w次，点赞15次，收藏99次。1 摘要这篇文章的主要目的是告诉大家应该如何使用bluez进行开发，由于bluez的文档实在太少了，入门门槛实在太高了，很多人无从下手，准备写一个专题记录一下自己学习bluez的过程，分享一下bluez的学习方法，让大家少走一些弯路。我用的平台是君正x2000，蓝牙库使用的是bluez5.54，bluez库是通过buildroot编译出来的。通过BLUEZ我主要开发了一个BLE的串口服务端demo。这个程序我已经上传到了https://download.csdn.net/download/huoho_bluez蓝牙配网demohttps://blog.csdn.net/huohongpeng/article/details/115786953D-Bus学习（二）：基本概念_freedesktop 学习-CSDN博客文章浏览阅读1.3w次。 　　D-Bus的方式在移动手机操作系统中非常重要，包括Maemo，Moblin等以Linux为基础的操作系统。估计Andriod也大量使用。D-Bus的相关学习资料见：http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus，在网上也有大量的学习资料，在http://blog.chinaunix.net/u3/111961/_freedesktop 学习https://blog.csdn.net/flowingflying/article/details/5411124

BLUEZ源码路径

GitHub - bluez/bluez: Main BlueZ tree

我需要搭建一个对端读写的一对GATT Service，所以参照bluez-master\test\example-gatt-client和bluez-master\test\example-gatt-server，python源码内容如下：

client

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later

import dbus
try:
  from gi.repository import GObject
except ImportError:
  import gobject as GObject
import sys

from dbus.mainloop.glib import DBusGMainLoop

bus = None
mainloop = None

BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME = 'org.bluez'
DBUS_OM_IFACE =      'org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager'
DBUS_PROP_IFACE =    'org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties'

GATT_SERVICE_IFACE = 'org.bluez.GattService1'
GATT_CHRC_IFACE =    'org.bluez.GattCharacteristic1'

HR_SVC_UUID =        '0000180d-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'
HR_MSRMT_UUID =      '00002a37-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'
BODY_SNSR_LOC_UUID = '00002a38-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'
HR_CTRL_PT_UUID =    '00002a39-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'

# The objects that we interact with.
hr_service = None
hr_msrmt_chrc = None
body_snsr_loc_chrc = None
hr_ctrl_pt_chrc = None


def generic_error_cb(error):
    print('D-Bus call failed: ' + str(error))
    mainloop.quit()


def body_sensor_val_to_str(val):
    if val == 0:
        return 'Other'
    if val == 1:
        return 'Chest'
    if val == 2:
        return 'Wrist'
    if val == 3:
        return 'Finger'
    if val == 4:
        return 'Hand'
    if val == 5:
        return 'Ear Lobe'
    if val == 6:
        return 'Foot'

    return 'Reserved value'


def sensor_contact_val_to_str(val):
    if val == 0 or val == 1:
        return 'not supported'
    if val == 2:
        return 'no contact detected'
    if val == 3:
        return 'contact detected'

    return 'invalid value'


def body_sensor_val_cb(value):
    if len(value) != 1:
        print('Invalid body sensor location value: ' + repr(value))
        return

    print('Body sensor location value: ' + body_sensor_val_to_str(value[0]))


def hr_msrmt_start_notify_cb():
    print('HR Measurement notifications enabled')


def hr_msrmt_changed_cb(iface, changed_props, invalidated_props):
    if iface != GATT_CHRC_IFACE:
        return

    if not len(changed_props):
        return

    value = changed_props.get('Value', None)
    if not value:
        return

    print('New HR Measurement')

    flags = value[0]
    value_format = flags & 0x01
    sc_status = (flags >> 1) & 0x03
    ee_status = flags & 0x08

    if value_format == 0x00:
        hr_msrmt = value[1]
        next_ind = 2
    else:
        hr_msrmt = value[1] | (value[2] << 8)
        next_ind = 3

    print('\tHR: ' + str(int(hr_msrmt)))
    print('\tSensor Contact status: ' +
          sensor_contact_val_to_str(sc_status))

    if ee_status:
        print('\tEnergy Expended: ' + str(int(value[next_ind])))


def start_client():
    # Read the Body Sensor Location value and print it asynchronously.
    body_snsr_loc_chrc[0].ReadValue({}, reply_handler=body_sensor_val_cb,
                                    error_handler=generic_error_cb,
                                    dbus_interface=GATT_CHRC_IFACE)

    # Listen to PropertiesChanged signals from the Heart Measurement
    # Characteristic.
    hr_msrmt_prop_iface = dbus.Interface(hr_msrmt_chrc[0], DBUS_PROP_IFACE)
    hr_msrmt_prop_iface.connect_to_signal("PropertiesChanged",
                                          hr_msrmt_changed_cb)

    # Subscribe to Heart Rate Measurement notifications.
    hr_msrmt_chrc[0].StartNotify(reply_handler=hr_msrmt_start_notify_cb,
                                 error_handler=generic_error_cb,
                                 dbus_interface=GATT_CHRC_IFACE)


def process_chrc(chrc_path):
    chrc = bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, chrc_path)
    chrc_props = chrc.GetAll(GATT_CHRC_IFACE,
                             dbus_interface=DBUS_PROP_IFACE)

    uuid = chrc_props['UUID']

    if uuid == HR_MSRMT_UUID:
        global hr_msrmt_chrc
        hr_msrmt_chrc = (chrc, chrc_props)
    elif uuid == BODY_SNSR_LOC_UUID:
        global body_snsr_loc_chrc
        body_snsr_loc_chrc = (chrc, chrc_props)
    elif uuid == HR_CTRL_PT_UUID:
        global hr_ctrl_pt_chrc
        hr_ctrl_pt_chrc = (chrc, chrc_props)
    else:
        print('Unrecognized characteristic: ' + uuid)

    return True


def process_hr_service(service_path, chrc_paths):
    service = bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, service_path)
    service_props = service.GetAll(GATT_SERVICE_IFACE,
                                   dbus_interface=DBUS_PROP_IFACE)

    uuid = service_props['UUID']

    if uuid != HR_SVC_UUID:
        return False

    print('Heart Rate Service found: ' + service_path)

    # Process the characteristics.
    for chrc_path in chrc_paths:
        process_chrc(chrc_path)

    global hr_service
    hr_service = (service, service_props, service_path)

    return True


def interfaces_removed_cb(object_path, interfaces):
    if not hr_service:
        return

    if object_path == hr_service[2]:
        print('Service was removed')
        mainloop.quit()


def main():
    # Set up the main loop.
    DBusGMainLoop(set_as_default=True)
    global bus
    bus = dbus.SystemBus()
    global mainloop
    mainloop = GObject.MainLoop()

    om = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, '/'), DBUS_OM_IFACE)
    om.connect_to_signal('InterfacesRemoved', interfaces_removed_cb)

    print('Getting objects...')
    objects = om.GetManagedObjects()
    chrcs = []

    # List characteristics found
    for path, interfaces in objects.items():
        if GATT_CHRC_IFACE not in interfaces.keys():
            continue
        chrcs.append(path)

    # List sevices found
    for path, interfaces in objects.items():
        if GATT_SERVICE_IFACE not in interfaces.keys():
            continue

        chrc_paths = [d for d in chrcs if d.startswith(path + "/")]

        if process_hr_service(path, chrc_paths):
            break

    if not hr_service:
        print('No Heart Rate Service found')
        sys.exit(1)

    start_client()

    mainloop.run()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

server

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later

import dbus
import dbus.exceptions
import dbus.mainloop.glib
import dbus.service

import array
try:
  from gi.repository import GObject
except ImportError:
  import gobject as GObject
import sys

from random import randint

mainloop = None

BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME = 'org.bluez'
GATT_MANAGER_IFACE = 'org.bluez.GattManager1'
DBUS_OM_IFACE =      'org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager'
DBUS_PROP_IFACE =    'org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties'

GATT_SERVICE_IFACE = 'org.bluez.GattService1'
GATT_CHRC_IFACE =    'org.bluez.GattCharacteristic1'
GATT_DESC_IFACE =    'org.bluez.GattDescriptor1'

class InvalidArgsException(dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
    _dbus_error_name = 'org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.InvalidArgs'

class NotSupportedException(dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
    _dbus_error_name = 'org.bluez.Error.NotSupported'

class NotPermittedException(dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
    _dbus_error_name = 'org.bluez.Error.NotPermitted'

class InvalidValueLengthException(dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
    _dbus_error_name = 'org.bluez.Error.InvalidValueLength'

class FailedException(dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
    _dbus_error_name = 'org.bluez.Error.Failed'


class Application(dbus.service.Object):
    """
    org.bluez.GattApplication1 interface implementation
    """
    def __init__(self, bus):
        self.path = '/'
        self.services = []
        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, bus, self.path)
        self.add_service(HeartRateService(bus, 0))
        self.add_service(BatteryService(bus, 1))
        self.add_service(TestService(bus, 2))

    def get_path(self):
        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)

    def add_service(self, service):
        self.services.append(service)

    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_OM_IFACE, out_signature='a{oa{sa{sv}}}')
    def GetManagedObjects(self):
        response = {}
        print('GetManagedObjects')

        for service in self.services:
            response[service.get_path()] = service.get_properties()
            chrcs = service.get_characteristics()
            for chrc in chrcs:
                response[chrc.get_path()] = chrc.get_properties()
                descs = chrc.get_descriptors()
                for desc in descs:
                    response[desc.get_path()] = desc.get_properties()

        return response


class Service(dbus.service.Object):
    """
    org.bluez.GattService1 interface implementation
    """
    PATH_BASE = '/org/bluez/example/service'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, uuid, primary):
        self.path = self.PATH_BASE + str(index)
        self.bus = bus
        self.uuid = uuid
        self.primary = primary
        self.characteristics = []
        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, bus, self.path)

    def get_properties(self):
        return {
                GATT_SERVICE_IFACE: {
                        'UUID': self.uuid,
                        'Primary': self.primary,
                        'Characteristics': dbus.Array(
                                self.get_characteristic_paths(),
                                signature='o')
                }
        }

    def get_path(self):
        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)

    def add_characteristic(self, characteristic):
        self.characteristics.append(characteristic)

    def get_characteristic_paths(self):
        result = []
        for chrc in self.characteristics:
            result.append(chrc.get_path())
        return result

    def get_characteristics(self):
        return self.characteristics

    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
                         in_signature='s',
                         out_signature='a{sv}')
    def GetAll(self, interface):
        if interface != GATT_SERVICE_IFACE:
            raise InvalidArgsException()

        return self.get_properties()[GATT_SERVICE_IFACE]


class Characteristic(dbus.service.Object):
    """
    org.bluez.GattCharacteristic1 interface implementation
    """
    def __init__(self, bus, index, uuid, flags, service):
        self.path = service.path + '/char' + str(index)
        self.bus = bus
        self.uuid = uuid
        self.service = service
        self.flags = flags
        self.descriptors = []
        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, bus, self.path)

    def get_properties(self):
        return {
                GATT_CHRC_IFACE: {
                        'Service': self.service.get_path(),
                        'UUID': self.uuid,
                        'Flags': self.flags,
                        'Descriptors': dbus.Array(
                                self.get_descriptor_paths(),
                                signature='o')
                }
        }

    def get_path(self):
        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)

    def add_descriptor(self, descriptor):
        self.descriptors.append(descriptor)

    def get_descriptor_paths(self):
        result = []
        for desc in self.descriptors:
            result.append(desc.get_path())
        return result

    def get_descriptors(self):
        return self.descriptors

    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
                         in_signature='s',
                         out_signature='a{sv}')
    def GetAll(self, interface):
        if interface != GATT_CHRC_IFACE:
            raise InvalidArgsException()

        return self.get_properties()[GATT_CHRC_IFACE]

    @dbus.service.method(GATT_CHRC_IFACE,
                        in_signature='a{sv}',
                        out_signature='ay')
    def ReadValue(self, options):
        print('Default ReadValue called, returning error')
        raise NotSupportedException()

    @dbus.service.method(GATT_CHRC_IFACE, in_signature='aya{sv}')
    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
        print('Default WriteValue called, returning error')
        raise NotSupportedException()

    @dbus.service.method(GATT_CHRC_IFACE)
    def StartNotify(self):
        print('Default StartNotify called, returning error')
        raise NotSupportedException()

    @dbus.service.method(GATT_CHRC_IFACE)
    def StopNotify(self):
        print('Default StopNotify called, returning error')
        raise NotSupportedException()

    @dbus.service.signal(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
                         signature='sa{sv}as')
    def PropertiesChanged(self, interface, changed, invalidated):
        pass


class Descriptor(dbus.service.Object):
    """
    org.bluez.GattDescriptor1 interface implementation
    """
    def __init__(self, bus, index, uuid, flags, characteristic):
        self.path = characteristic.path + '/desc' + str(index)
        self.bus = bus
        self.uuid = uuid
        self.flags = flags
        self.chrc = characteristic
        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, bus, self.path)

    def get_properties(self):
        return {
                GATT_DESC_IFACE: {
                        'Characteristic': self.chrc.get_path(),
                        'UUID': self.uuid,
                        'Flags': self.flags,
                }
        }

    def get_path(self):
        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)

    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
                         in_signature='s',
                         out_signature='a{sv}')
    def GetAll(self, interface):
        if interface != GATT_DESC_IFACE:
            raise InvalidArgsException()

        return self.get_properties()[GATT_DESC_IFACE]

    @dbus.service.method(GATT_DESC_IFACE,
                        in_signature='a{sv}',
                        out_signature='ay')
    def ReadValue(self, options):
        print ('Default ReadValue called, returning error')
        raise NotSupportedException()

    @dbus.service.method(GATT_DESC_IFACE, in_signature='aya{sv}')
    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
        print('Default WriteValue called, returning error')
        raise NotSupportedException()


class HeartRateService(Service):
    """
    Fake Heart Rate Service that simulates a fake heart beat and control point
    behavior.

    """
    HR_UUID = '0000180d-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'

    def __init__(self, bus, index):
        Service.__init__(self, bus, index, self.HR_UUID, True)
        self.add_characteristic(HeartRateMeasurementChrc(bus, 0, self))
        self.add_characteristic(BodySensorLocationChrc(bus, 1, self))
        self.add_characteristic(HeartRateControlPointChrc(bus, 2, self))
        self.energy_expended = 0


class HeartRateMeasurementChrc(Characteristic):
    HR_MSRMT_UUID = '00002a37-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, service):
        Characteristic.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.HR_MSRMT_UUID,
                ['notify'],
                service)
        self.notifying = False
        self.hr_ee_count = 0

    def hr_msrmt_cb(self):
        value = []
        value.append(dbus.Byte(0x06))

        value.append(dbus.Byte(randint(90, 130)))

        if self.hr_ee_count % 10 == 0:
            value[0] = dbus.Byte(value[0] | 0x08)
            value.append(dbus.Byte(self.service.energy_expended & 0xff))
            value.append(dbus.Byte((self.service.energy_expended >> 8) & 0xff))

        self.service.energy_expended = \
                min(0xffff, self.service.energy_expended + 1)
        self.hr_ee_count += 1

        print('Updating value: ' + repr(value))

        self.PropertiesChanged(GATT_CHRC_IFACE, { 'Value': value }, [])

        return self.notifying

    def _update_hr_msrmt_simulation(self):
        print('Update HR Measurement Simulation')

        if not self.notifying:
            return

        GObject.timeout_add(1000, self.hr_msrmt_cb)

    def StartNotify(self):
        if self.notifying:
            print('Already notifying, nothing to do')
            return

        self.notifying = True
        self._update_hr_msrmt_simulation()

    def StopNotify(self):
        if not self.notifying:
            print('Not notifying, nothing to do')
            return

        self.notifying = False
        self._update_hr_msrmt_simulation()


class BodySensorLocationChrc(Characteristic):
    BODY_SNSR_LOC_UUID = '00002a38-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, service):
        Characteristic.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.BODY_SNSR_LOC_UUID,
                ['read'],
                service)

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        # Return 'Chest' as the sensor location.
        return [ 0x01 ]

class HeartRateControlPointChrc(Characteristic):
    HR_CTRL_PT_UUID = '00002a39-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, service):
        Characteristic.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.HR_CTRL_PT_UUID,
                ['write'],
                service)

    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
        print('Heart Rate Control Point WriteValue called')

        if len(value) != 1:
            raise InvalidValueLengthException()

        byte = value[0]
        print('Control Point value: ' + repr(byte))

        if byte != 1:
            raise FailedException("0x80")

        print('Energy Expended field reset!')
        self.service.energy_expended = 0


class BatteryService(Service):
    """
    Fake Battery service that emulates a draining battery.

    """
    BATTERY_UUID = '180f'

    def __init__(self, bus, index):
        Service.__init__(self, bus, index, self.BATTERY_UUID, True)
        self.add_characteristic(BatteryLevelCharacteristic(bus, 0, self))


class BatteryLevelCharacteristic(Characteristic):
    """
    Fake Battery Level characteristic. The battery level is drained by 2 points
    every 5 seconds.

    """
    BATTERY_LVL_UUID = '2a19'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, service):
        Characteristic.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.BATTERY_LVL_UUID,
                ['read', 'notify'],
                service)
        self.notifying = False
        self.battery_lvl = 100
        GObject.timeout_add(5000, self.drain_battery)

    def notify_battery_level(self):
        if not self.notifying:
            return
        self.PropertiesChanged(
                GATT_CHRC_IFACE,
                { 'Value': [dbus.Byte(self.battery_lvl)] }, [])

    def drain_battery(self):
        if not self.notifying:
            return True
        if self.battery_lvl > 0:
            self.battery_lvl -= 2
            if self.battery_lvl < 0:
                self.battery_lvl = 0
        print('Battery Level drained: ' + repr(self.battery_lvl))
        self.notify_battery_level()
        return True

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        print('Battery Level read: ' + repr(self.battery_lvl))
        return [dbus.Byte(self.battery_lvl)]

    def StartNotify(self):
        if self.notifying:
            print('Already notifying, nothing to do')
            return

        self.notifying = True
        self.notify_battery_level()

    def StopNotify(self):
        if not self.notifying:
            print('Not notifying, nothing to do')
            return

        self.notifying = False


class TestService(Service):
    """
    Dummy test service that provides characteristics and descriptors that
    exercise various API functionality.

    """
    TEST_SVC_UUID = '12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef0'

    def __init__(self, bus, index):
        Service.__init__(self, bus, index, self.TEST_SVC_UUID, True)
        self.add_characteristic(TestCharacteristic(bus, 0, self))
        self.add_characteristic(TestEncryptCharacteristic(bus, 1, self))
        self.add_characteristic(TestSecureCharacteristic(bus, 2, self))

class TestCharacteristic(Characteristic):
    """
    Dummy test characteristic. Allows writing arbitrary bytes to its value, and
    contains "extended properties", as well as a test descriptor.

    """
    TEST_CHRC_UUID = '12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef1'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, service):
        Characteristic.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.TEST_CHRC_UUID,
                ['read', 'write', 'writable-auxiliaries'],
                service)
        self.value = []
        self.add_descriptor(TestDescriptor(bus, 0, self))
        self.add_descriptor(
                CharacteristicUserDescriptionDescriptor(bus, 1, self))

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        print('TestCharacteristic Read: ' + repr(self.value))
        return self.value

    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
        print('TestCharacteristic Write: ' + repr(value))
        self.value = value


class TestDescriptor(Descriptor):
    """
    Dummy test descriptor. Returns a static value.

    """
    TEST_DESC_UUID = '12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef2'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, characteristic):
        Descriptor.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.TEST_DESC_UUID,
                ['read', 'write'],
                characteristic)

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        return [
                dbus.Byte('T'), dbus.Byte('e'), dbus.Byte('s'), dbus.Byte('t')
        ]


class CharacteristicUserDescriptionDescriptor(Descriptor):
    """
    Writable CUD descriptor.

    """
    CUD_UUID = '2901'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, characteristic):
        self.writable = 'writable-auxiliaries' in characteristic.flags
        self.value = array.array('B', b'This is a characteristic for testing')
        self.value = self.value.tolist()
        Descriptor.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.CUD_UUID,
                ['read', 'write'],
                characteristic)

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        return self.value

    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
        if not self.writable:
            raise NotPermittedException()
        self.value = value

class TestEncryptCharacteristic(Characteristic):
    """
    Dummy test characteristic requiring encryption.

    """
    TEST_CHRC_UUID = '12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef3'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, service):
        Characteristic.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.TEST_CHRC_UUID,
                ['encrypt-read', 'encrypt-write'],
                service)
        self.value = []
        self.add_descriptor(TestEncryptDescriptor(bus, 2, self))
        self.add_descriptor(
                CharacteristicUserDescriptionDescriptor(bus, 3, self))

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        print('TestEncryptCharacteristic Read: ' + repr(self.value))
        return self.value

    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
        print('TestEncryptCharacteristic Write: ' + repr(value))
        self.value = value

class TestEncryptDescriptor(Descriptor):
    """
    Dummy test descriptor requiring encryption. Returns a static value.

    """
    TEST_DESC_UUID = '12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef4'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, characteristic):
        Descriptor.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.TEST_DESC_UUID,
                ['encrypt-read', 'encrypt-write'],
                characteristic)

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        return [
                dbus.Byte('T'), dbus.Byte('e'), dbus.Byte('s'), dbus.Byte('t')
        ]


class TestSecureCharacteristic(Characteristic):
    """
    Dummy test characteristic requiring secure connection.

    """
    TEST_CHRC_UUID = '12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef5'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, service):
        Characteristic.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.TEST_CHRC_UUID,
                ['secure-read', 'secure-write'],
                service)
        self.value = []
        self.add_descriptor(TestSecureDescriptor(bus, 2, self))
        self.add_descriptor(
                CharacteristicUserDescriptionDescriptor(bus, 3, self))

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        print('TestSecureCharacteristic Read: ' + repr(self.value))
        return self.value

    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
        print('TestSecureCharacteristic Write: ' + repr(value))
        self.value = value


class TestSecureDescriptor(Descriptor):
    """
    Dummy test descriptor requiring secure connection. Returns a static value.

    """
    TEST_DESC_UUID = '12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef6'

    def __init__(self, bus, index, characteristic):
        Descriptor.__init__(
                self, bus, index,
                self.TEST_DESC_UUID,
                ['secure-read', 'secure-write'],
                characteristic)

    def ReadValue(self, options):
        return [
                dbus.Byte('T'), dbus.Byte('e'), dbus.Byte('s'), dbus.Byte('t')
        ]

def register_app_cb():
    print('GATT application registered')


def register_app_error_cb(error):
    print('Failed to register application: ' + str(error))
    mainloop.quit()


def find_adapter(bus):
    remote_om = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, '/'),
                               DBUS_OM_IFACE)
    objects = remote_om.GetManagedObjects()

    for o, props in objects.items():
        if GATT_MANAGER_IFACE in props.keys():
            return o

    return None

def main():
    global mainloop

    dbus.mainloop.glib.DBusGMainLoop(set_as_default=True)

    bus = dbus.SystemBus()

    adapter = find_adapter(bus)
    if not adapter:
        print('GattManager1 interface not found')
        return

    service_manager = dbus.Interface(
            bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, adapter),
            GATT_MANAGER_IFACE)

    app = Application(bus)

    mainloop = GObject.MainLoop()

    print('Registering GATT application...')

    service_manager.RegisterApplication(app.get_path(), {},
                                    reply_handler=register_app_cb,
                                    error_handler=register_app_error_cb)

    mainloop.run()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

此处仅以心跳服务作为详细解析对象。

BUS基础知识

可见client通过控制dbus，获取对端server控制dbus生成的service。