文章目录
一、多态
1.多态的基本概念
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//动物类
class Animal
{
public:
//虚函数
virtual void speak()
{
cout << "动物在说话" << endl;
}
};
//猫类
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
//重写:函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表 完全相同 virtual可写可不写
virtual void speak()
{
cout << "小猫在说话" << endl;
}
};
//狗类
class Dog :public Animal
{
public:
void speak()
{
cout << "小狗在说话" << endl;
}
};
//执行说话的函数
//地址早绑定 在编译阶段确定函数地址
//如果想执行让猫说话,那么这个函数地址就不能提前绑定,需要在运行阶段进行绑定,地址晚绑定
//动态多态满足条件
//1.有继承关系
//2.子类重写父类的虚函数
//动态多态使用
//父类的指针或引用 指向子类对象
void doSpeak(Animal& animal)//Animal& animal = cat
{
animal.speak();
}
void test01()
{
Cat cat;
doSpeak(cat);
Dog dog;
doSpeak(dog);
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
多态原理剖析
2.多态案例一——计算机类
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Calculator
{
public:
int getResult(string oper)
{
if (oper == "+")
{
return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
}
else if (oper == "-")
{
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
}
else if (oper == "*")
{
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
}
//如果想扩展新的功能,需要修改源码
//在真实开发中 提倡 开闭原则
//开闭原则:对扩展进行开放,对修改进行关闭
}
int m_Num1;//操作数1
int m_Num2;//操作数2
};
void test01()
{
//创建计算器对象
Calculator c;
c.m_Num1 = 10;
c.m_Num2 = 10;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "+" << c.m_Num2 << "=" << c.getResult("+") << endl;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "-" << c.m_Num2 << "=" << c.getResult("-") << endl;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "*" << c.m_Num2 << "=" << c.getResult("*") << endl;
}
//利用多态实现计算器
//多态好处:
//1.组织结构清晰
//2.可读性强
//3.对于前期和后期扩展以及维护性高
//实现计算器抽象类
class AbstractCalculator
{
public:
virtual int getResult()
{
return 0;
}
int m_Num1;
int m_Num2;
};
//加法计算器类
class AddCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
}
};
//减法计算器类
class SubCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 - m_Num2;;
}
};
//乘法计算器类
class MulCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;;
}
};
void test02()
{
//多态使用条件
//父类指针或者引用指向子类对象
//加法运算
AbstractCalculator* abc = new AddCalculator;
abc->m_Num1 = 100;
abc->m_Num2 = 100;
cout << abc->m_Num1 << "+" << abc->m_Num2 << "=" << abc->getResult() << endl;
//用完后记得销毁
delete abc;
//减法运算
abc = new SubCalculator;
abc->m_Num1 = 100;
abc->m_Num2 = 200;
cout << abc->m_Num1 << "-" << abc->m_Num2 << "=" << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;
//乘法运算
abc = new MulCalculator;
abc->m_Num1 = 100;
abc->m_Num2 = 200;
cout << abc->m_Num1 << "*" << abc->m_Num2 << "=" << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;
}
int main()
{
//test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
3.纯虚函数和抽象类
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
//纯虚函数
//只要有一个纯虚函数,这个类称为抽象类
//抽象类特点:
//1.无法实例化对象
virtual void func() = 0;
};
class Son :public Base
{
public:
virtual void func()
{
cout << "func函数调用" << endl;
};
};
void test01()
{
//Base b;//抽象类是无法实例化对象
//new Base;//抽象类是无法实例化对象
//Son s;//子类必须重写父类中的纯虚函数,否则无法实例化对象
Base* base = new Son;
base->func();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
4.多态案例二-制作饮品
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class AbstractDrinking
{
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil() = 0;
//冲泡
virtual void Brew() = 0;
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup() = 0;
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething() = 0;
//制作饮品
void makeDrink()
{
Boil();
Brew();
PourInCup();
PutSomething();
}
};
//制作咖啡
class Coffee :public AbstractDrinking
{
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil()
{
cout << "煮农夫山泉" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void Brew()
{
cout << "冲泡咖啡"<<endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup()
{
cout << "倒入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething()
{
cout << "加入糖和牛奶" << endl;
}
};
//制作茶叶
class Tea :public AbstractDrinking
{
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil()
{
cout << "煮农矿泉水" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void Brew()
{
cout << "冲泡茶叶" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup()
{
cout << "倒入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething()
{
cout << "加入枸杞" << endl;
}
};
//制作函数
void doWork(AbstractDrinking* abs)//AbstractDrinking* abs = new Coffee
{
abs->makeDrink();
delete abs;
}
void test01()
{
//制作咖啡
doWork(new Coffee);
cout << "---------------------------------------" << endl;
//制作茶叶
doWork(new Tea);
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
5.虚析构和纯虚析构
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Animal
{
public:
Animal()
{
cout << "Animal的构造函数调用" << endl;
}
//利用虚析构可以解决 父类指针释放子类对象时不干净的问题
/*virtual ~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal的虚析构函数调用" << endl;
}*/
//纯虚析构
//有了纯虚析构之后,这个类也属于抽象类,无法实例化对象
virtual ~Animal() = 0;
//纯虚函数
virtual void speak() = 0;
};
Animal:: ~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal的纯析构函数调用" << endl;
}
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
Cat(string name)
{
cout << "Cat的构造函数调用" << endl;
m_Name = new string(name);
}
virtual void speak()
{
cout << *m_Name << "小猫在说话" << endl;
}
~Cat()
{
if (m_Name != NULL)
{
cout << "Cat的析构函数调用" << endl;
delete m_Name;
m_Name = NULL;
}
}
string *m_Name;
};
void test01()
{
Animal* animal = new Cat("Tom");
animal->speak();
//父类指针在析构时候 不会调用子类中析构函数,导致子类如果有堆区属性,出现内存泄漏
delete animal;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
6.多态案例三-电脑组装
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//抽象不同零件类
//抽象CPU类
class CPU
{
public:
//抽象的计算函数
virtual void calculate() = 0;
};
//抽象显卡类
class VideoCard
{
public:
//抽象的显示函数
virtual void display() = 0;
};
//抽象内存条类
class Memory
{
public:
//抽象的储存函数
virtual void storage() = 0;
};
//电脑类
class Computer
{
public:
Computer(CPU* cpu,VideoCard* vc,Memory* mem)
{
m_cpu = cpu;
m_vc = vc;
m_mem = mem;
}
//提供工作函数
void work()
{
//让零件工作起来,调用接口
m_cpu->calculate();
m_vc->display();
m_mem->storage();
}
~Computer()
{
//释放CPU内存
if (m_cpu != NULL)
{
delete m_cpu;
m_cpu = NULL;
}
//释放显卡内存
if (m_vc != NULL)
{
delete m_vc;
m_vc = NULL;
}
//释放内存条内存
if (m_mem != NULL)
{
delete m_mem;
m_mem = NULL;
}
}
private:
CPU* m_cpu;//CPU的零件指针
VideoCard* m_vc;//显卡零件指针
Memory* m_mem;//内存条零件指针
};
//具体厂商
//Intel厂商
class IntelCPU :public CPU
{
public:
void calculate()
{
cout << "Intel的CPU开始计算了!" << endl;
}
};
class IntelVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
void display()
{
cout << "Intel的显卡开始显示了!" << endl;
}
};
class IntelMemory :public Memory
{
public:
void storage()
{
cout << "Intel的内存条开始存储了!" << endl;
}
};
//Lenovo厂商
class LenovoCPU :public CPU
{
public:
void calculate()
{
cout << "Lenovo的CPU开始计算了!" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
void display()
{
cout << "Lenovo的显卡开始显示了!" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoMemory :public Memory
{
public:
void storage()
{
cout << "Lenovo的内存条开始存储了!" << endl;
}
};
void test01()
{
//第一台电脑零件
CPU* intelCpu = new IntelCPU;
VideoCard* intelCard = new IntelVideoCard;
Memory* intelMem = new IntelMemory;
cout << "第一台电脑开始工作" << endl;
//创建第一台电脑
Computer* computer1 = new Computer(intelCpu, intelCard, intelMem);
computer1->work();
delete computer1;
cout << "--------------------------" << endl;
cout << "第二台电脑开始工作" << endl;
//创建第二台电脑
Computer* computer2 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU,new LenovoVideoCard,new LenovoMemory);
computer2->work();
delete computer2;
cout << "--------------------------" << endl;
cout << "第三台电脑开始工作" << endl;
//创建第三台电脑
Computer* computer3 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU, new IntelVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);
computer3->work();
delete computer3;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
二、文件操作
1.文本文件
1)写文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <fstream>
//文本文件 写文件
void test01()
{
//1.包含头文件 fstream
//2.创建流对象
ofstream ofs;
//3.指定打开方式
ofs.open("test.txt", ios::out);
//4.写内容
ofs << "姓名:张三" << endl;
ofs << "性别:男" << endl;
ofs << "年龄:20" << endl;
//5.关闭文件
ofs.close();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
2)读文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
//文件文本 读文件
void test01()
{
//1.包含头文件
//2.创建流对象
ifstream ifs;
//3.打开文件 并且判断是否打开成功
ifs.open("test.txt", ios::in);
if (!ifs.is_open())
{
cout << "文件打开失败" << endl;
return;
}
//4.读数据
//第一种
/*char buf[1024] = { 0 };
while (ifs >> buf)
{
cout << buf << endl;
}*/
//第二种
/*char buf[1024] = { 0 };
while (ifs.getline(buf, sizeof(buf)))
{
cout << buf << endl;
}*/
//第三种
string buf;
while (getline(ifs, buf))
{
cout << buf << endl;
}
//第四种
//char c;
//while ((c = ifs.get()) != EOF)//EOF end of file
//{
// cout << c;
//}
//5.关闭文件
ifs.close();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
2.二进制文件
1)写文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <fstream>
//二进制文件 写文件
class Person
{
public:
char m_Name[64];//姓名
int m_Age;//年龄
};
void test01()
{
//1.包含头文件
//2.创建流对象
ofstream ofs("person.txt", ios::out | ios::binary);
//3.指定打开方式
//ofs.open("person.txt", ios::out | ios::binary);
//4.写内容
Person p = { "张三",18 };
ofs.write((const char*)&p, sizeof(Person));
//5.关闭文件
ofs.close();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
2)读文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
char m_Name[64];//姓名
int m_Age;//年龄
};
void test01()
{
//1.包含头文件
//2.创建流对象
ifstream ifs;
//3.打开文件 并且判断是否打开成功
ifs.open("person.txt", ios::in | ios::binary);
if (!ifs.is_open())
{
cout << "文件打开失败" << endl;
return;
}
//4.读数据
Person p;
ifs.read((char*)&p, sizeof(Person));
cout << "姓名:" << p.m_Name << endl << "年龄:" << p.m_Age << endl;
//5.关闭文件
ifs.close();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}