MATLAB的应用 Applications of MATLAB in engineering

(〇)前言——【先看看】

  本文是对MATLAB一些应用的介绍。可以帮助理解MATLAB的功能和用法
  后面会慢慢更新具体的MATLAB在工程中的一些应用
   学习于B站视频，整理出来一些学习资料。英文版的，也可以提升英语能力
   这里也推荐一些最基础入门的学习网站
                http://c.biancheng.net/matlab/
                https://www.ilovematlab.cn/resources/
   需要word版的可以下载附件资源
   一些源代码也会在我的另一份博文里提供
       源代码https://blog.csdn.net/Nirvana_Tai/article/details/105391688
   有交流或者建议可以联系我    QQ：1756170618

(一) 【Basic operation(introduce MATLAB)】——【基本操作(介绍MATLAB)】:

i. search Function name by online or help
ii. variable，and search its type in double click or input whos(which is more
in detail than who)
iii. π=pi,∞=Infinitely small=eps，NaN:not a number，i,j=complex number
iv. sqrt: square root
v. no use built-in function or keyword as variable name, if you use it, must clear this variable name
vi. format+bank(short/long/shortE/rat and so on)
bank: two decimal places
short: four decimal places
long: many decimal places
scientific notation +E
traction rat
vii. command line terminal：use ;
viii. Press the arrow key to bring it up and down command history
ix. Input “clear”to remove all workspace,input”clc”to remove all command window

(二) 【Matlab as calculator】,【Array operation】——【Matlab作为计算器】、【数组运算】:

i. Basic:use “[ ]”to express array
ii. Row vector—[ ];column vector—[ ; ; ; ; ]
iii. Inner product;outer product This like this:[1 1 1][1;1;1]is inner product, [1;1;1] [1 1 1]is outer product.
iv. Matrix:use semicolon to divide each row
v. Indexing:input array name with(row,column)
Addition:input A(1,:) to index all value in third row

vi. Replace entries:

If want to delect which row or column,using A(x,:)=[ ]
vii. Colon operator:equal difference series
Like A=1(first number value):1(equal difference):50(final number value)
viii. Array concatenation:use F=[A(array one) B(array another)]
ix. Array manipulation:look out:AB different with A.B
Array +constant:Ax Array transposition:A’
x. Some special Matrix
 eye(n):nn identity matrix
 zeros(n1,n2):n1n2 zero matrix
 ones(n1,n2):n1n2matrix with every entry as 1
 diag( ):diagonal matrix
xi. Some Matrix related functions
 max(A):index and show max entry in every column
 max(max(A)): index and show max entry in array
 sum(A):sum each entry in every column
 mean(A):mean in every column
 sort(A):sort entry’s size in each column
 sortrows(A):sort first column’s entries and sort it with rows
 size(A):the size of matrix
 length(A):the column’s length
 find(A==x)
xii. some operation
 Matrix determinant: det(A)
 Inverse matrix: inv(A) or A^-1
 adjoint matrix: A*=det(A)inv(A)
 prod(1:n)=n!
 1e100=110^100

(三) 【Script writing】,【structured programming】,【User-defined function】——【脚本编写】、【结构化编程】、【自定义函数】:

i. Script editor: % as annotation,%% to divide section
Debug: use breakpoint
Smart indent: inverse blank space
ii. Script flow: typically scripts run from the first line to the last
Flow control,
relational operators: ~=:not equal to
&&:and ||:or
It is logical, because it belong to Boolean

iii. If/elseif/else: ,”elseif”and”else” are optional
[‘even’ even number ’odd’ odd number]
iv. Edit grammar
‘disp’ is means ‘printf’which in C language
‘input_(xxx)’ is means ‘int()’
v. Switch :

vi. While:

vii. For:

viii. Pre-allocating space to variables: if not pre-allocating space to variables will spend more
time to debug. Can record time.

ix. Break:
x. Tips for script writing:
 Use semicolon(😉:inhibit unwanted output
 Use ellipsis(…):to make scripts more readable
 Use smart forming
 Use ‘ctrl+c’ to stop operate
xi. Content of matlab built-in functions:
 Looking for source code:use “edit(which(‘function.m’))varargin
 Function have keyword,output,file name,input
xii. User define function:
 Like ‘freebody’
[.*(./)is more useful]
Some functions:input,isemply,break,disp,num2str
xiii. Function default variables:
 Nargout:number of function input arguments
 Varargin:variablr length input argument list
 Varargout:variablr length output argument list
xiv. Function handles: ’f’ is a function handle

(四) 【Variables:string,strcture,cell】，【Date access】——【变量:字符串、结构、单元格】、【数据库访问】:

i. Matlab date(variable) types:
Use ‘int8()’ to transform types
ii. Transform the char to hex(ASCII): using ‘uint16( )’
iii. Logical operations and assignments:
Seek,compare and input
iv. Structure: as (student.name)
v. Adding information to a structure: add (2)… like(student(2).name)
vi. Structure functions:
Like (fieldname( )) and (refiled( ))
vii. Nesting structures:
To input a structures which be made of many other structures.
Like this:
xiii. Cell array:
a) Another method of soring heterogeneous date,it is similar to matrix but each entry contains different type of date.
b) Declaresd using {}

Or can use method like “A{1,1}=[1,2,3;2,3,4;3,4,5]…”
xiv. Accessing Cell array:
Use A{1,1} to get {1,1}array.
Use A{1,1}(1,1) to get {1,1}array’s (1,1) number
xv. Cell array functions: click this website to look for cell array functions
a) num2cell:

b) mat2cell:

xvi. Multidimensional array:
a) Include rows,columns,layers
You can use to make it,but it is flexible and inefficient
b) Array concatenation: cat()
Like this:

xvii. Reshape:

xviii. Checking variable and variable status:
Using ‘isfunction’ to determine
xix. File access:
A. High-level file input/output:
a) save() and load():

1. save(all) workspace date to a file:
   
2. load date stored in a file:
   
   b) Excel file reading: xlsread()
   
   c) Excel file writing: xlswrite()
   
   ‘04Score.xlsx’ is filename 1 is sheet
   M is variable ‘E2:E4’ is location
   Mean(A) is to calculate each column in A
   Mean(A’) is to calculate each row in A and show with 13
   Mean(A’)’ is to calculate each row in A and show with 31
   d) Getting text in excel spreadsheet:
   Getting both the text and numbers:
   
   B. Low-level file input/output:
   a) Read and write file at the byte or character level.
   b) File I/O functions: click
   c) Writing sine values into a file:
   
   d) Read and write through formatted I/O:
   
   e) Reading from files: fscanf(fid, , )
   
   Check if it is the end of file:

(五) 【Basic plotting】,【Graphical object properties】——【基础绘图】、【图形对象属性】:

i. Plot()
If you not input instruct, the new plot will take place of the old ones
ii. Hold on/off: to have both plots in one figure
iii. plot style: plot(x,y,’str’) ,using the format defined in str(check linespec)
iv. legend( ):add legend to graph
v. title( ) and ?lable( )
slash pi(\pi) to show as π; use “{ }”to show special sign
vi. text( ) and annotation( ):
linspace:Generate linearly spaced vector
vii. figure adjustment:
【Graphical objects: Figure object, Axes object, Line object】
Figure property: in the figure’s editor
viii. Modifying properties of an object:
a) Identifying the handle of object:
b) Fetching or modifying properties:
c) Get object properties:
d) Setting axes limits:
Using set(gca,’XLim’,[0,2*pi]);
e) Setting font and tick of axes
Using set(gca,’FontSize’,25);
f) Line specification:
Using set(h,’LineStyle’,’-‘,…
‘LineWidth’,7.0,’Color’,’g’);
ix. Marker specification:
Face and edge colors of the marker.

x. Multiple figures:
Create a figure window by calling
Ps: the difference between gcf and gca
xi. Figure position and size:

xii. Several plots in one figure:
Several small plots“in a figure”


xiii. Control of Grid,Box,and Axis:

xiv. Saving figures into files:

xv. grid on; means show grid
axis square sets the current coordinate figure to a square. The ratio of the horizontal axis to the vertical axis is 1:1
axis equal sets the scaling coefficient of the horizontal and vertical axes to the same value

(六) 【Advanced 2D plots】,【Color space】,【3D plots】——【高级2D绘图】、【色彩空间】、【3D绘图】:

i. What forms appropriate to you:

ii. Special plots:

iii. Logarithm plots:

iv. Plotyy(): SC

v. Histogram: SC

vi. Bar charts: SC

vii. Stacked and Horizontal Bar Charts: SC

viii. Pie charts:

ix. Polar charts:

The SC of N polygon
x. Stairs and Stem charts:

The exercise’s SC,which as followed.

xi. Boxplot and Error Bar:

xii. fill()

1. stop sign: SC
   fill() is to fill the color in the figure
   xiii. Color space:
   
   click to check color chart:
   color chart:

xiv. Visualizing date and an image : imagesc()

1. Display values of a matrix as an ‘image’ SC
   
   

2. Color bar and scheme:

   

Nature colormap(cool) colormap(hot)
4. Built-in Colormaps

xv. 3D Plots:

xvi. More 3D Line Plots:

xvii. Principles for 3D Surface Plots:
A. Surface plots:mesh() and surf(): SC

xviii. contour():
projection of equal heights of 3D plot onto a 2D plane.

xix. meshc() and surfc():
combination of surface/mesh and contours

xx. View Angle: view()
Vary the view angle in the script below

the latter SC
xxi. Light : light()
Light('Position’,[ , , ])
Set(L1.’Position’,[ , , ])
xxii. patch()
a graphical object containing polygons
xxiii. Matlab plots can be very professional!

its SC

(七) 【Graphical user interface】——【图形用户界面】:

i. Matlab GUI programs:

ii. Starting a GUI programs:

iii. GUI figure
Display the names of the GUI components

1. Select File>Preferences>GUIDE
2. Check”show names in compenent palette”
   iv.
   to reserve some files about GUI
   v. Align the components:
   Select Tools>Align objects
   vi. Label the Push Buttons:
   Select View>Property Inspector [double click]
   vii. GUI script structure:
   Function untitled_OpeningFcn
   Insert under this module: as followed
   
   viii. Callback of an Object:
   Make some buttons callback to different running. As followed.
   
   ix. What if we have two axes?
   The latest figure will show on.
   x. handles-Parents of the GUI Objects:
   
   xi. setting the axes for Plotting:
   
   xii. Review-set() and get():
   get() acquires properties
   set() set properties
   
   xiii. Using handles to store variables:
   
   xiv. Compiling the GUI program
   Deploytool

(八) 【introduction to digital image】,【read and show images】,【image arithmetic】——【数字图像概论】、【图像读取与显示】、【图像算法】:

i. Digital image and its Acquisition:

ii. Types of digital image:
Color, gray scale, binary

iii. Where does the color come from:

iv. Typical RGB image:
v. Elements of images:


vi. Read and show an image:
 Read an image: imread()
 Show an image: imshow()
vii. Image variable in workspace:

viii. Image info:

ix. Image viewer: imtool(‘pout.tif’)
Get pixel information in image viewer
x. Image processing:
Any form of signal processing for which the input is an image
xi. Image arithmetic:

xii. Image multiplication: immultiply()

xiii. Image addition: imadd()

xiv. Image Histogram: imhist()
YLable is number of pixel,XLable is graylevel
xv. Histogram Equalization: histeq()

xvi. Geometric transformation:
Moving the coordinates of the pixels in an image
xvii. Geometric transformation Matrices(2D)

xviii. Image rotation: imrotate()

xix. Image Rotation:

xx. Write image: imwrite():

(九) 【Image thresholding】,【Background estimation】,【Connected-component labeling】——【图像阈值化】、【背景估计】、【连通分量标注】:

i. Image thresholding:
A gray-level image can be turned into a binary image by using a threshold.
ii. graythresh() and im2bw(): SC
graythresh() computes an optimal threshold level
Im2bw() converts an images into binary image

iii. Issues of the Binary image:
 existing sparkles in the background
 some grains are missing
iv. Background estimation:

v. Background substraction:

vi. Thresholding on background removed image:

vii. Connect-component labeling:

viii. Connect-component labeling: bwlabel()

ix. Color-coding objects: label2rgb() SC

x. Object properties: regionprops() SC

xi. Interactive selection: bwselect() SC

(十) 【Polynomial differentiation and integration】,【Numerical differentiation and integration】——【多项式微分与积分】、【数值微分与积分】:

i. Differentiation:

ii. Polynomial differentiation:

iii. Representing polynomials in MATLAB:

iv. Values of polynomials: poluval() SC

v. Polynomial differentiation: polyder()

vi. Convolution: conv()
Exercise: SC

vii. Polynomial integration:

K is a constant
viii. Polynomial integration:

ix. Numerical differentiation:

x. Differences: diff()
Calculates the differences between adjacent elements of a vector
xi. Numerical differentiation using diff()

xii. How to find the f’ over an interval [0,2pi]? SC

xiii. Various step size

xiv. Second and Third derivatives:

xv. Numerical integration:

xvi. Numerical Quadrature rules:

xvii. Midpoint rule:

xviii. Midpoint rule using sum()

xix. Trapezoid rule:

xx. Trapezoid rule using trapz()

xxi. Second-order rule:1/3 Simpson’s

xxii. Simpson’s rule:

xxiii. Comparison:

xxiv. Review of Function Handles(@)
 A handle is a pointer to a function
 Can be used to pass functions to other functions

xxv. Numerical integration: integra1()

xxvi. Double and Triple integrals:

(十一) 【symbolic approach】,【numeric root solvers】,【recursive function】——【符号法】、【数值根求解】、【递归函数】:

i. Problem statement:


ii. Symbolic root finding approach:

iii. Symbolic root finding: solve()

iv. Solving multiple equations:

v. Solving equations expressed in symbols:

vi. Symbolic differentiation: diff()

vii. Symbolic integration: int()

viii. Symbolic vs. Numertic:

ix. fsolve:

x. fzero:

xi. finding roots of polynomials: roots()

xii. how do there solves find the roots:

xiii. Numeric root finding methods:

xiv. Bisection method(Bracking)

xv. Newton-Raphson method(open)

xvi. Bisection vs. Newton-Raphson

xvii. Recursive function

xviii. Factorial recursive function

(十二) 【Statistics】——【统计】:

i. Statistic
 The science of”date”
 Involving the collection,analysis,interpretation,presentation,and organization of date
ii. Main statistical methodologies

iii. Summary mersures:

iv. Mean,Media,Mode,and Quartile

v. Range and interquartile range

vi. Variance and Standard Deviation:

vii. Figures are always more poweful:

viii. Boxplot exanple:

ix. Skewness:

x. Skewness: skewness()

xi. Kurtosis:

xii. Statistical hypothesis testing

xiii. Hypothesis testing procedure:

xiv. Terminology in Hypothesis testing:

xv. t-test example:

xvi. Two-tailed significance test:

xvii. One-tailed significance test:

xviii. Common Hypothesis tests:

Matlab functions