文章目录
两个重要极限
- l i m n → ∞ ( 1 + 1 n ) = e lim_{n \to \infin}(1+{1\over n}) = e limn→∞(1+n1)=e
- l i m x → 0 sin x x = 1 lim_{x \to 0}{\sin x \over x} = 1 limx→0xsinx=1
导数的定义与求导法则1
定义
设有定义域和取值都在实数域中的函数 y = f ( x ) y = f(x) y=f(x)。若在点 x 0 x_0 x0的某个邻域内有定义,则当自变量 x x x在 x 0 x_0 x0处取得增量 Δ x \Delta x Δx时,相应的 y y y取得增量 Δ y = f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) \Delta y = f(x_0 + \Delta x) -f(x_0) Δy=f(x0+Δx)−f(x0);如果 Δ y \Delta y Δy与 Δ x \Delta x Δx之比在 Δ x → 0 \Delta x \to 0 Δx→0时的极限存在,则称 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在点 x 0 x_0 x0处可导,并称这个极限为函数 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在点 x 0 x_0 x0处的导数,记为 f ′ ( x 0 ) f'(x_0) f′(x0)即:
f ′ ( x 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 Δ y Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) Δ x f'(x_0) = \lim_{ \Delta x \to 0}{\Delta y \over \Delta x} = {\lim_{\Delta x \to 0}{
{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)} \over \Delta x}} f′(x0)=limΔx→0ΔxΔy=limΔx→0Δxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0)
求导法则
- 对函数的线性组合求导,等于先对其中每个部分求导后再取线性组合
( a f + b g ) ′ = a f ′ + b g ′ (af+bg)' = af'+bg' (af+bg)′=af′+bg′ - 两个函数的乘积的导函数,等于其中一个的导函数乘以另一者,加上另一者的导函数与其的乘积
( f g ) ′ = f ′ g + f g ′ (fg)' = f'g+fg' (fg)′=f′g+fg′ - 两个函数的商的导函数也是一个分式。其中分子是分子函数的导函数乘以分母函数减去分母函数的导函数乘以分子函数后的差,而其分母是分母函数的平方
( f g ) ′ = f ′ g − f g ′ g 2 ({f \over g})' = {f'g-fg' \over g^2} (gf)′=g2f′g−fg′ - 复合函数的求导法则
g ′ ( f ( x ) ) = g ′ ( f ) ⋅ f ′ ( x ) g'(f(x)) = g'(f) \cdot f'(x) g′(f(x))=g′(f)⋅f′(x)
初等函数的导数
sin ′ x = cos x \sin 'x = \cos x sin′x=cosx
证明
sin ′ x 0 = l i m Δ x → 0 sin ( Δ x + x 0 ) − sin x 0 Δ x \sin 'x0 = lim_{\Delta x \to 0} {\sin (\Delta x +x0) - \sin x0 \over \Delta x} sin′x0=limΔx→0Δxsin(Δx+x0)−sinx0
= l i m Δ x → 0 2 sin Δ x 2 cos ( x 0 + Δ x 2 ) Δ x =lim_{\Delta x \to 0}{2\sin {\Delta x \over 2} \cos (x0 + {\Delta x \over 2}) \over \Delta x} =limΔx→0Δx2sin2Δxcos(x0+2Δx)
= l i m Δ x → 0 sin Δ x 2 Δ x 2 ⋅ l i m Δ x → 0 cos ( x 0 + Δ x 2 ) =lim_{\Delta x \to 0}{\sin {\Delta x \over 2} \over {\Delta x \over 2}} \cdot lim_{\Delta x \to 0}{\cos (x0+{\Delta x \over 2})} =limΔx→02Δxsin2Δx⋅limΔx→0cos(x0+2Δx)
= cos x 0 = \cos x0 =cosx0
( x n ) ′ = n x n − 1 , ( n ≠ 0 ) (x^n)' = nx^{n-1},(n \neq 0) (xn)′=nxn−1,(n̸=0)
证明
( x n ) x 0 ′ = l i m Δ x → 0 ( x 0 + Δ x ) n − x 0 n Δ x (x^n)_{x_0}' = lim_{\Delta x \to 0}{
{(x_0+\Delta x)^n -x_0^n}\over \Delta x} (x