第一篇 不定詞與動名詞

爲何動詞後面有的要放不定詞有的要放動名詞？

原則：及物動詞後面一定要有名詞作為受詞，如果是一個動作，就只好成了動名詞；如果是不及物動詞，原本後面就不需要有名詞作受詞，需要以一個動作的補述表達，自然用不定詞。

 

Case1  只能作不及物動詞，後面當然不可以有受詞。

  如         agree，seem，appear

  你不能寫   I agree it.

             He seems a man.

  而是       I agree.

             I agree on it.

             He seems happy.

  所以       I agree to sign this letter.

             He seems to be happy.

而不可以   I agree signing this letter.

 

Case2  只能作及物動詞

 如         consider，enjoy，appreciate

 不能寫作   I consider very highly.

            I enjoy very much.

 而是       I consider him a good man.

            I enjoy it very much.

所以必須用動名詞來代替原來之名詞（受詞），如

            I consider his leaving our office a tragic loss.

            I enjoy going to America.

 

Case3  有的動詞可以是及物動詞也可以是不及物動詞

 如         begin， love

 所以寫     I begin this job tomorrow.

            I begin very slowly.             都對。

這要是換成一個動作，就是

            I begin working on this job tomorrow.

            I begin to understand him.

    上兩句語意也不同，前一句之begin是及物動詞，表示開始一項事物；而後一句是不及物動詞加上補語，意指一種廣泛的開始狀態無特定事物，所以甚至中間可以加裝許多補充副詞和片語，如：

    I begin gradually to understand him.

知道這個道理，就不會把〝stop〞特殊化，硬記它是兩種形式而意思相反。

（1）I stop doing it.

（2）I stop to do it.      為何意思相反而都可以寫？

 

Case4   stop是及物動詞

        卽 I stop it.    若要以一個動作當受詞。

        就成了  I stop doing it.  即以一個動名詞當受詞。

 

Case5   Stop是不及物動詞

        to do it  不是受詞，只是補語，

句子本體只是

I stop   後面是補充說明，不是Stop的事物（受詞）。

事實上case4還可以再加不定詞補語如case6

Case6  I stop beating him to make his mom happy.

    也可轉為Case5  I stop to make his mom happy.

OR       I stop in order to make his mom happy.

所以原先的to do it ，並非什麼意思相反，只是眾多補語中之一個可能狀態。

         to make his mom happy 不是受詞，只是補語，可以省去，

         成了I stop beating him.

OR      I stop.    前二句甚至可以改成

         To make his mom happy, I stop.

OR      To make his mom happy, I stop beating him.

同類的情形，還有remember，forget等字，

例    I remember having a good time last year.

      I remember to do this tomorrow.

而    I remember to have a good time last year. 即不妥

因為  remember 作為一個完全及物動詞，後面自然要接一個名詞或動名詞作為受詞，這個受詞是remember 的過去事物，而在第二句，to do this tomorrow 並不是remember 之受詞，而是補述remember要去做什麼，對中文來說一個偏「記得」的意思，一個偏「記住」的意思。