DPCM编码

DPCM 压缩系统的实现和分析
一、实验目的
掌握DPCM编解码系统的基本原理。初步掌握实验用C/C++/Python等语言编程实现DPCM
编码器,并分析其压缩效率。
二、实验内容
1.DPCM编解码原理
在这里插入图片描述
DPCM是差分预测编码调制的缩写,是比较典型的预测编码系统。在DPCM系统中,
需要注意的是预测器的输入是已经解码以后的样本。之所以不用原始样本来做预测,是
因为在解码端无法得到原始样本,只能得到存在误差的样本。因此,在DPCM编码器中实
际内嵌了一个解码器,如编码器中虚线框中所示。
在一个DPCM系统中,有两个因素需要设计:预测器和量化器。理想情况下,预测器
和量化器应进行联合优化。实际中,采用一种次优的设计方法:分别进行线性预测器和
量化器的优化设计。
2.DPCM编码系统的设计
在本次实验中,我们采用固定预测器和均匀量化器。
量化器采用8比特均匀量化。本实验的目标是验证DPCM编码的编码效率。首先读取一个256级的灰度图像,采用自己设定的预测方法计算预测误差,并对预测误差进行8比特均匀量化
在DPCM编码器实现的过程中可同时输出预测误差图像和重建图像。将预测误差图像写入文件并将该文件输入Huffman编码器,得到输出码流、给出概率分布图并计算压缩比。
将原始图像文件输入Huffman编码器,得到输出码流、给出概率分布图并计算压缩比。最后比较两种系统(1.DPCM+ 熵编码和2. 仅进行熵编码)之间的编码效率(压缩比和图像质量)。压缩质量以PSNR进行计算。
三、实验代码
mian函数:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "dpcm.h"
#include <windows.h>
 
 
#define u_int8_t	unsigned __int8
#define u_int		unsigned __int32
#define u_int32_t	unsigned __int32
 
#pragma pack(1)
	BITMAPFILEHEADER File_header;
	BITMAPINFOHEADER Info_header;
	long frameWidth ;			/* --width=<uint> */
	long frameHeight ;		/* --height=<uint> */
 
unsigned char rectify(unsigned char x)
	{
		if (x<0) x=0;
		if (x>255) x=255;
		return x;
	}
 
int BMP2YUV(char *url,char *url_out1,char *url_out2,int num)
{
	
	FILE *bmpFile=NULL;
	FILE *pFile=NULL;//存储重建图像值
	FILE *eFile=NULL;//存储差值
	bool flip = TRUE;/* --flip */
	unsigned int i;
	unsigned char* bmpBuf = NULL;
	unsigned char* pBuf = NULL;//存储重建图像值
	//int eBuf;
	unsigned char* eBuf_p = NULL;//存储差值
	unsigned char* yBuf = NULL;//仅对亮度进行预测编码
	unsigned char* uBuf = NULL;
	unsigned char* vBuf = NULL;
	u_int32_t videoFramesWritten = 0;
	bmpFile=fopen(url,"rb+");
	pFile=fopen(url_out1,"wb+");
	eFile=fopen(url_out2,"wb+");
	//判断文件头是否读取正确
	  if(fread(&File_header,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),1,bmpFile) != 1)
	{
		printf("read file header error!");
		exit(0);
	}
	  //判断是否为bmp文件
	if (File_header.bfType != 0x4D42)
	{
		printf("Not bmp file!");
		exit(0);
	}
	else
	{	printf("this is a bmp\n");
	}
	//判断信息头是否读取正确
if(fread(&Info_header,sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),1,bmpFile) != 1)
	{	
		printf("read info header error!");
		exit(0);
	}
	//	end read header
 
	//判断长宽高是否读取正确,并赋值
	if (((Info_header.biWidth/8*Info_header.biBitCount)%4) == 0)
		frameWidth= Info_header.biWidth;
	else
		frameWidth = (Info_header.biWidth*Info_header.biBitCount+31)/32*4;
	if ((Info_header.biHeight%2) == 0)
		frameHeight = Info_header.biHeight;
	else
		frameHeight = Info_header.biHeight + 1;
	printf("The width is %d\n",frameWidth);
	printf("The height is %d\n",frameHeight);
	/* open the BMP file */
	if (bmpFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find bmp file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The input bmp file is open\n"/*, bmpFileName*/);
	}
 
	/* open the pfile */
	if (pFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find p file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The output pfile is open \n"/*, yuvFileName*/);
	}
	/* open the efile */
	if (eFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find e file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The output efile is open \n");
	}
	
	bmpBuf = (unsigned char*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight * 3);
	memset(bmpBuf,0,frameHeight*frameWidth*3);
	/* get the output buffers for a frame */
	yBuf = (unsigned char*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	//memset(yBuf,0,frameHeight*frameWidth);
	pBuf = (unsigned char*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	eBuf_p =(unsigned char*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	uBuf = (unsigned char*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight)/4 );
	vBuf = (unsigned char*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) /4);
	/* get an input buffer for a frame */
	if (bmpBuf == NULL || yBuf == NULL || pBuf == NULL || eBuf_p == NULL)
	{
		printf("no enought memory\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	//
	void ReadRGB(FILE * pFile,BITMAPFILEHEADER & file_h,BITMAPINFOHEADER & info_h,unsigned char * rgbData);
		ReadRGB(bmpFile, File_header, Info_header,bmpBuf);
	
 
	//while (fread(bmpBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight*3 , bmpFile)) 
	//{
		if(RGB2YUV(frameWidth, frameHeight, bmpBuf , yBuf, uBuf, vBuf, flip))
		{
			printf("error");
			return 0;
		}
		int bits=8;
		int scale=512/(1<<bits);
		printf("%d\n",scale);
		int eBuf ;//存储差值
		//一阶
		//for( int j=0;j<frameHeight;j++)//j:行
		//{
		//	eBuf=yBuf[j*frameWidth]-128;
		//	eBuf_p[j*frameWidth]=(eBuf+255)/2;
		//	yBuf[j*frameWidth]=128+(eBuf_p[j*frameWidth]-128)*2;
		//	pBuf[frameWidth*j] = (eBuf_p[frameWidth*j] - 128)*2 + 128;
		//	for(i=1+j*frameWidth;i<frameWidth*(j+1);i++)
		//	{//i:列
		//		eBuf=yBuf[i]-yBuf[i-1];
		//		eBuf_p[i]=(eBuf+255)/2;//预测误差的量化值
		//		yBuf[i] = (eBuf_p[i] - 128)*2 + yBuf[i-1];
		//		pBuf[i] = (eBuf_p[i] - 128)*2 + pBuf[i-1];	 
		//	}//
		//}
		
		//4bit量化
		//for( int j=0;j<frameHeight;j++)//j:行
		//{
		//	eBuf=yBuf[j*frameWidth]-128;
		//	eBuf_p[j*frameWidth]=(eBuf+255)/2;
		//	yBuf[j*frameWidth]=128+(eBuf_p[j*frameWidth]-127)*2;
		//	pBuf[frameWidth*j] = (eBuf_p[frameWidth*j] - 127)*2 + 128;
		//	for(i=1+j*frameWidth;i<frameWidth*(j+1);i++)
		//	{//i:列
		//		eBuf=yBuf[i]-yBuf[i-1];
		//		eBuf_p[i]=(eBuf+255)/2;//预测误差的量化值
		//		yBuf[i] =(eBuf_p[i] - 127)*2+ yBuf[i-1];
		//		pBuf[i] = (eBuf_p[i] - 127)*2 + pBuf[i-1];	 
		//	}//
		//}
		//二阶2
		for( int j=1;j<frameHeight;j++)//j:行
		{
			eBuf=yBuf[j*frameWidth]-128;
			eBuf_p[j*frameWidth]=(eBuf+255)/2;
			yBuf[j*frameWidth]=128+(eBuf_p[j*frameWidth]-255/2)*2;
			pBuf[frameWidth*j] = rectify((eBuf_p[frameWidth*j] - 255/2)*2 + 128);
			for(i=1;i<frameWidth;i++)
			{//i:列
				eBuf=yBuf[i+j*frameWidth]-0.5*yBuf[i+j*frameWidth-1]-0.25*yBuf[i+(j-1)*frameWidth]-0.25*yBuf[i+1+(j-1)*frameWidth];
				eBuf_p[i+j*frameWidth]=(eBuf+255)/2;//预测误差的量化值
				yBuf[i+j*frameWidth] = rectify((eBuf_p[i+j*frameWidth] - 255/2)*2 + 0.5*yBuf[i+j*frameWidth-1]+0.25*yBuf[i+(j-1)*frameWidth]+0.25*yBuf[i+1+(j-1)*frameWidth]);
				pBuf[i+j*frameWidth] = rectify((eBuf_p[i+j*frameWidth] - 255/2)*2 + 0.5*pBuf[i+j*frameWidth-1]+0.25*pBuf[i+(j-1)*frameWidth]+0.25*pBuf[i+1+(j-1)*frameWidth]);	 
			}//
		}
		//一阶0.95
		//for( int j=0;j<frameHeight;j++)//j:行
		//{
		//	eBuf=yBuf[j*frameWidth]-128;
		//	eBuf_p[j*frameWidth]=(eBuf+255)/2;
		//	yBuf[j*frameWidth]=128+(eBuf_p[j*frameWidth]-255/2)*2;
		//	pBuf[frameWidth*j] = (eBuf_p[frameWidth*j] - 255 /2)*2 + 128;
		//	for(i=1+j*frameWidth;i<frameWidth*(j+1);i++)
		//	{//i:列
		//		eBuf=yBuf[i]-0.95*yBuf[i-1];
		//		eBuf_p[i]=(eBuf+255)/2;//预测误差的量化值
		//		yBuf[i] = (eBuf_p[i] - 127)*2 + 0.95*yBuf[i-1];
		//		pBuf[i] = (eBuf_p[i] - 127)*2 + 0.95*pBuf[i-1];	 
		//	}//
		//}
		
		for (i = 0; i < frameWidth*frameHeight; i++)
		{
			if (pBuf[i] < 16) pBuf[i] = 16;     
			if (pBuf[i] > 235) pBuf[i] = 235;
		}
 
		for (i = 0; i < frameWidth*frameHeight/4; i++)
		{
			if (uBuf[i] < 16) uBuf[i] = 16;
			if (uBuf[i] > 240) uBuf[i] = 240;
 
			if (vBuf[i] < 16) vBuf[i] = 16;
			if (vBuf[i] > 240) vBuf[i] = 240;
		}
		fwrite(pBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, pFile);
		fwrite(uBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight)/4 , pFile);
		fwrite(vBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight)/4 , pFile);
 
		fwrite(eBuf_p, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, eFile);
		fwrite(uBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight)/4 , eFile);
		fwrite(vBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight)/4 , eFile);
 
 
		printf("\r...%d", ++videoFramesWritten);
	//}
	printf("\n%u %ux%u video frames written\n", 
		videoFramesWritten, frameWidth, frameHeight);
	
	free(bmpBuf);
	free(yBuf);
	free(uBuf);
	free(vBuf);
	/* cleanup */
	fclose(bmpFile);
	fclose(pFile);
	fclose(eFile);
	return 0;
}
void ReadRGB(FILE * pFile,BITMAPFILEHEADER & file_h,BITMAPINFOHEADER & info_h,unsigned char * rgbData)
{
	bool MakePalette(FILE * pFile,BITMAPFILEHEADER &file_h,BITMAPINFOHEADER & info_h,RGBQUAD *pRGB_out);
	unsigned long Loop,iLoop,jLoop,width,height,w,h;
	unsigned char mask, *Index_Data,* Data;
 
	if (((info_h.biWidth/8*info_h.biBitCount)%4) == 0)
		w = info_h.biWidth;
	else
		w = (info_h.biWidth*info_h.biBitCount+31)/32*4;
	if ((info_h.biHeight%2) == 0)
		h = info_h.biHeight;
	else
		h = info_h.biHeight + 1;
 
	width = w/8*info_h.biBitCount;
	height = h;
 
	Index_Data = (unsigned char *)malloc(height*width);
	Data = (unsigned char *)malloc(height*width);
 
	fseek(pFile,file_h.bfOffBits,0);
	if(fread(Index_Data,height*width,1,pFile) != 1)
	{
		printf("read file error!\n\n");
		exit(0);
	}
	for ( iLoop = 0;iLoop < height;iLoop ++)
		for (jLoop = 0;jLoop < width;jLoop++)
		{
 			Data[iLoop*width+jLoop] = Index_Data[(height-iLoop-1)*width+jLoop];
		}
 
	switch(info_h.biBitCount)
	{
	case 24:
		memcpy(rgbData,Data,height*width);
		if(Index_Data)
			free(Index_Data);
		if(Data)
			free(Data);
		return;
	case 16:
		if(info_h.biCompression == BI_RGB)
		{
			
			for (Loop = 0;Loop < height * width;Loop +=2)
			{
				*rgbData = (Data[Loop]&0x1F)<<3;
				*(rgbData + 1) = ((Data[Loop]&0xE0)>>2) + ((Data[Loop+1]&0x03)<<6);
				*(rgbData + 2) = (Data[Loop+1]&0x7C)<<1;
				rgbData +=3;
			}
		}
		if(Index_Data)
			free(Index_Data);
		if(Data)
			free(Data);
		return;
		default:
		RGBQUAD *pRGB = (RGBQUAD *)malloc(sizeof(RGBQUAD)*(unsigned long)pow(float(2),info_h.biBitCount));
		int temp = sizeof(pRGB);
		if(!MakePalette(pFile,file_h,info_h,pRGB))
			printf("No palette!\n\n");
 
		for (Loop=0;Loop<height*width;Loop++)
		{
		
			switch(info_h.biBitCount)
			{
			case 1:
				mask = 0x80;
				break;
			case 2:
				mask = 0xC0;
				break;
			case 4:
				mask = 0xF0;
				break;
			case 8:
				mask = 0xFF;
			}
 
			int shiftCnt = 1;
 
			while (mask)
			{
				unsigned char index = mask == 0xFF ? Data[Loop] : ((Data[Loop] & mask)>>(8 - shiftCnt * info_h.biBitCount));
				* rgbData = pRGB[index].rgbBlue;
				* (rgbData+1) = pRGB[index].rgbGreen;
				* (rgbData+2) = pRGB[index].rgbRed;
 
				if(info_h.biBitCount == 8)
					mask =0;
				else
					mask >>= info_h.biBitCount;
				rgbData+=3;
				shiftCnt ++;
			}
		}
		if(Index_Data)
			free(Index_Data);
		if(Data)
			free(Data);
// 		if(pRGB)
// 			free(pRGB);
	}
 
}
 
bool MakePalette(FILE * pFile,BITMAPFILEHEADER &file_h,BITMAPINFOHEADER & info_h,RGBQUAD *pRGB_out)
{
	if ((file_h.bfOffBits - sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) - info_h.biSize) == sizeof(RGBQUAD)*pow(float(2),info_h.biBitCount))
	{
		fseek(pFile,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER)+info_h.biSize,0);
		fread(pRGB_out,sizeof(RGBQUAD),(unsigned int)pow(float(2),info_h.biBitCount),pFile);
		return true;
	}
	else
		return false;
// 			free(pRGB);
	}
 
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{	
	int count=1;
	u_int num;
	FILE *bmpFile=NULL;
	FILE *pFile=NULL;
	FILE *eFile=NULL;
	char *bmpFileName=NULL;
	char *pFileName=NULL;
	char *eFileName=NULL;
	unsigned char* pBuf = NULL;
	unsigned char* eBuf = NULL;
	bmpFileName=argv[1];
	pFileName=argv[2];
	eFileName=argv[3];
	num=1;
	bmpFile=fopen(bmpFileName,"rb+");
	pFile=fopen(pFileName,"wb+");
	eFile=fopen(eFileName,"wb+");
 
	BMP2YUV(bmpFileName,pFileName,eFileName,1);
	//pBuf = (unsigned char*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight)*3/2);
	return 0;
}

DPCM.cpp

int RGB2YUV (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip)
{
	static int init_done = 0;
 
	long i, j, size;
	unsigned char *r, *g, *b;
	unsigned char *y, *u, *v;
	unsigned char *pu1, *pu2, *pv1, *pv2, *psu, *psv;
	unsigned char *y_buffer, *u_buffer, *v_buffer;
	unsigned char *sub_u_buf, *sub_v_buf;
 
	if (init_done == 0)
	{
		InitLookupTable();//程序一开始,便运行一次亮度计算公式的组件
		init_done = 1;
	}
 
	// check to see if x_dim and y_dim are divisible by 2,查看是否可以被2整除
	if ((x_dim % 2) || (y_dim % 2)) return 1;//如果不能被2 整除,则return1
	size = x_dim * y_dim;
 
	// allocate memory
	y_buffer = (unsigned char *)y_out;
	sub_u_buf = (unsigned char *)u_out;
	sub_v_buf = (unsigned char *)v_out;
	u_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));//分配指定字节的内存空间
	v_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
	if (!(u_buffer && v_buffer))
	{
		if (u_buffer) free(u_buffer);//如果其中任何一个没有分配内存空间,就释放
		if (v_buffer) free(v_buffer);
		return 2;
	}
 
	b = (unsigned char *)bmp;//b指向bmp文件的首地址的指针
	y = y_buffer;
	u = u_buffer;
	v = v_buffer;
 
	// convert RGB to YUV
	if (!flip) {
		for (j = 0; j < y_dim; j ++)
		{
			y = y_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
			u = u_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
			v = v_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
 
			for (i = 0; i < x_dim; i ++) {
				g = b + 1;
				r = b + 2;
				*y = (unsigned char)(  RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
				*u = (unsigned char)(- RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b)/2          + 128);
				*v = (unsigned char)(  (*r)/2          - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
				b += 3;
				y ++;
				u ++;
				v ++;
			}
		}//倒序
	} else {
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
		{
			g = b + 1;
			r = b + 2;
			*y = (unsigned char)(  RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);//强制类型转换会产生失真
			*u = (unsigned char)(- RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b)/2          + 128);//调用函数按照亮度计算公式计算yuv
			*v = (unsigned char)(  (*r)/2          - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
			b += 3;
			y ++;
			u ++;
			v ++;
		}

8bit量化结果:
在这里插入图片描述
左侧为原始图像,中间为误差图像,右侧为重建图像。

行huffman编码,输出码流、给出符号概率分布图、计算压缩比如下:

在这里插入图片描述
压缩比对比分析

huffman压缩前大小huffman压缩后大小
6458

压缩比:1.103
计算PSNR
代码:

def PSNR(pred, gt,height,width):
    pred = np.array(pred)
    gt = np.array(gt)
    pred=pred.reshape(-1,height* width)
    gt = gt.reshape(-1, height* width)
    res = np.mean((pred - gt) ** 2, axis=1)
    res=res.reshape(-1,1)
    res=np.sqrt(res)
    res[res == 0.0] = 0.01
    psnr = 20 * np.log10(255.0 / (res))
    # psnr = 20 * np.log10(1.0/ (res))
    return psnr

结果:7

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