function 定义:wraps callable object of any type with specified function call signature (class template)
类模板std :: function是一个通用的多态函数包装器。 std :: function的实例可以存储,复制和调用任何可调用对象,如函数,lambda表达式,绑定表达式(bind)或其他函数对象,以及指向成员函数和指向数据成员的指针。
存储的可调用对象称为std::unction的target。 如果std :: function不包含target,则将其称为空。 调用空std :: function的target会导致抛出std :: bad_function_call异常。
std :: function满足CopyConstructible和CopyAssignable的要求。
常用通项语法: std::function<return-type(args-list)> renamed_f = init_function_name;
以下列举了常见的几种应用场景
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
struct Foo {
Foo(int num) : num_(num) {}
void print_add(int i) const { std::cout << num_+i << '\n'; }
int num_;
};
void print_num(int i)
{
std::cout << i << '\n';
}
struct PrintNum {
void operator()(int i) const
{
std::cout << i << '\n';
}
};
int main()
{
// store a free function
std::function<void(int)> f_display = print_num;
f_display(-9);
// store a lambda
std::function<void()> f_display_42 = []() { print_num(42); };
f_display_42();
// store the result of a call to std::bind
std::function<void()> f_display_31337 = std::bind(print_num, 31337);
f_display_31337();
// store a call to a member function
std::function<void(const Foo&, int)> f_add_display = &Foo::print_add;
const Foo foo(314159);
f_add_display(foo, 1);
f_add_display(314159, 1);
// store a call to a data member accessor
std::function<int(Foo const&)> f_num = &Foo::num_;
std::cout << "num_: " << f_num(foo) << '\n';
// store a call to a member function and object
using std::placeholders::_1;
std::function<void(int)> f_add_display2 = std::bind( &Foo::print_add, foo, _1 );
f_add_display2(2);
// store a call to a member function and object ptr
std::function<void(int)> f_add_display3 = std::bind( &Foo::print_add, &foo, _1 );
f_add_display3(3);
// store a call to a function object
std::function<void(int)> f_display_obj = PrintNum();
f_display_obj(18);
}
其实,上述的function表达完全可以用auto代替,这样也无需引入functional头文件
补充:
free function:The term free function in C++ simply refers to non-member functions, this is, it is not associated with any class and hence could be called as free function. Every function that is not a member function is a free function.
struct X {
void f() {} // not a free function
};
void g() {} // free function
int h(int, int) { return 1; } // also a free function
延伸:function也可以用std::bind代替(引入头文件functional)
auto bind_f = std::bind(printaa, placeholders::_1);
void print(char first, int other){
...
}
auto new_f = std::bind(print,placeholders::_1,placeholders::_2);
new_f('F', 2019);
参考:
[1] https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/templates
[2] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4861914/what-is-the-meaning-of-the-term-free-function-in-c