<functional>是C++标准库中的一个头文件,定义了C++标准中多个用于表示函数对象(function object)的类模板,包括算法操作、比较操作、逻辑操作;以及用于绑定函数对象的实参值的绑定器(binder)。这些类模板的实例是具有函数调用运算符(function call operator)的C++类,这些类的实例可以如同函数一样调用。不必写新的函数对象,而仅是组合预定义的函数对象与函数对象适配器(function object adaptor),就可以执行非常复杂的操作。
std::bind:将一个或多个参数绑定到函数对象,更详细的用法可参考 http://blog.csdn.net/fengbingchun/article/details/52613910 ;
std::is_bind_expression:用于判断指定表达式是否为std::bind函数返回的结果类型;
std::reference_wrapper:类模板,用于包装对一个实例的引用,它是可拷贝和可赋值的;
std::ref:构造一个适当的std::reference_wrapper类型的对象来保存对elem(实例对象)的引用;
std::cref:构造一个适当的std::reference_wrapper类型的对象来保存对elem(实例对象)的const 引用;
std::mem_fn:将成员函数转换为函数对象;
std::not1:返回一个对谓词(一元函数)的结果取反的函数对象;
std::not2:返回一个对二元谓词(二元函数)的结果取反的函数对象;
std::unary_negate:一元谓词对象类,其调用时把另一个一元谓词的返回值取反;
std::binary_negate:二元谓词对象类,其调用时把另一个二元谓词的返回值取反;
std::function:类模版,是一种通用、多态的函数封装。std::function的实例可以对任何可以调用的目标实体进行存储、复制、和调用操作,这些目标实体包括普通函数、Lambda表达式、函数指针、以及其它函数对象等,更详细的用法可参考 http://blog.csdn.net/fengbingchun/article/details/52562918 ;
std::and:二元谓词对象类, x& y;
std::or:二元谓词对象类, x |y;
std::xor:二元谓词对象类, x ^y;
std::plus:二元谓词对象类, x +y;
std::minus:二元谓词对象类, x -y;
std::multiplies:二元谓词对象类, x *y;
std::divides:二元谓词对象类, x /y;
std::modulus:二元谓词对象类, x %y;
std::negate:一元谓词对象类, -x;
std::equal_to: 二元谓词对象类, x ==y;
std::not_equal_to:二元谓词对象类, x != y;
std::greater: 二元谓词对象类, x >y;
std::less: 二元谓词对象类, x <y;
std::greater_equal:二元谓词对象类, x >= y;
std::less_equal:二元谓词对象类, x <= y;
std::logical_and:二元谓词对象类, x && y;
std::logical_or:二元谓词对象类, x || y;
std::logical_not:一元谓词对象类, !x;
std::bad_function_call:这是一个被抛出的异常类,用于表示被调用的函数对象为空;
std::hash:一元函数对象类,用于定义标准库使用的默认散列函数;
std::placeholders:命名空间,该命名空间声明一个未指定数量的对象:_1,_2,_3,...,用于在函数std::bind的调用中指定占位符;
std::is_placeholder:用于判断指定表达式是否为std::placeholders中定义的placeholder类型。
C++11中也废弃了一些旧式的函数对象。
下面是从其它文章中copy的<functional>测试代码,详细内容介绍可以参考对应的reference:
#include "functional.hpp"
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <utility>
#include <iterator>
#include <numeric>
#include <string>
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/functional/
namespace functional_ {
///
// a function: (also works with function object: std::divides<double> my_divide;)
static double my_divide(double x, double y) { return x / y; }
struct MyPair {
double a, b;
double multiply() { return a*b; }
};
int test_functional_bind()
{
using namespace std::placeholders; // adds visibility of _1, _2, _3,...
// binding functions:
auto fn_five = std::bind(my_divide, 10, 2); // returns 10/2
std::cout << fn_five() << '\n'; // 5
auto fn_half = std::bind(my_divide, _1, 2); // returns x/2
std::cout << fn_half(10) << '\n'; // 5
auto fn_invert = std::bind(my_divide, _2, _1); // returns y/x
std::cout << fn_invert(10, 2) << '\n'; // 0.2
auto fn_rounding = std::bind<int>(my_divide, _1, _2); // returns int(x/y)
std::cout << fn_rounding(10, 3) << '\n'; // 3
MyPair ten_two{ 10, 2 };
// binding members:
auto bound_member_fn = std::bind(&MyPair::multiply, _1); // returns x.multiply()
std::cout << bound_member_fn(ten_two) << '\n'; // 20
auto bound_member_data = std::bind(&MyPair::a, ten_two); // returns ten_two.a
std::cout << bound_member_data() << '\n'; // 10
return 0;
}
//
int test_functional_cref()
{
int foo(10);
auto bar = std::cref(foo);
std::cout << bar << '\n'; // 10
++foo;
std::cout << bar << '\n'; // 11
return 0;
}
/
int test_functional_ref()
{
int foo(10);
auto bar = std::ref(foo);
std::cout << bar << '\n'; // 10
++bar;
std::cout << foo << '\n'; // 11
std::cout << bar << '\n'; // 11
return 0;
}
//
struct int_holder {
int value;
int triple() { return value * 3; }
};
int test_functional_mem_fn()
{
int_holder five{ 5 };
// call member directly:
std::cout << five.triple() << '\n'; // 15
// same as above using a mem_fn:
auto triple = std::mem_fn(&int_holder::triple);
std::cout << triple(five) << '\n'; // 15
return 0;
}
//
struct IsOdd {
bool operator() (const int& x) const { return x % 2 == 1; }
typedef int argument_type;
};
int test_functional_not1()
{
int values[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int cx = std::count_if(values, values + 5, std::not1(IsOdd()));
std::cout << "There are " << cx << " elements with even values.\n"; // 2
return 0;
}
int test_functional_not2()
{
int foo[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
int bar[] = { 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 };
std::pair<int*, int*> firstmatch, firstmismatch;
firstmismatch = std::mismatch(foo, foo + 5, bar, std::equal_to<int>());
firstmatch = std::mismatch(foo, foo + 5, bar, std::not2(std::equal_to<int>()));
std::cout << "First mismatch in bar is " << *firstmismatch.second << '\n'; // 0
std::cout << "First match in bar is " << *firstmatch.second << '\n'; // 30
return 0;
}
//
int test_functional_binary_negate()
{
std::equal_to<int> equality;
std::binary_negate < std::equal_to<int> > nonequality(equality);
int foo[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
int bar[] = { 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 };
std::pair<int*, int*> firstmatch, firstmismatch;
firstmismatch = std::mismatch(foo, foo + 5, bar, equality);
firstmatch = std::mismatch(foo, foo + 5, bar, nonequality);
std::cout << "First mismatch in bar is " << *firstmismatch.second << "\n"; // 0
std::cout << "First match in bar is " << *firstmatch.second << "\n"; // 30
return 0;
}
struct IsOdd_class {
bool operator() (const int& x) const { return x % 2 == 1; }
typedef int argument_type;
} IsOdd_object;
int test_functional_unary_negate()
{
std::unary_negate<IsOdd_class> IsEven_object(IsOdd_object);
int values[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int cx;
cx = std::count_if(values, values + 5, IsEven_object);
std::cout << "There are " << cx << " elements with even values.\n"; // 2
return 0;
}
// a function:
static int half(int x) { return x / 2; }
// a function object class:
struct third_t {
int operator()(int x) { return x / 3; }
};
// a class with data members:
struct MyValue {
int value;
int fifth() { return value / 5; }
};
int test_functional_function()
{
std::function<int(int)> fn1 = half; // function
std::function<int(int)> fn2 = ½ // function pointer
std::function<int(int)> fn3 = third_t(); // function object
std::function<int(int)> fn4 = [](int x){return x / 4; }; // lambda expression
std::function<int(int)> fn5 = std::negate<int>(); // standard function object
std::cout << "fn1(60): " << fn1(60) << '\n'; // 30
std::cout << "fn2(60): " << fn2(60) << '\n'; // 30
std::cout << "fn3(60): " << fn3(60) << '\n'; // 20
std::cout << "fn4(60): " << fn4(60) << '\n'; // 15
std::cout << "fn5(60): " << fn5(60) << '\n'; // -06
// stuff with members:
std::function<int(MyValue)> value = &MyValue::value; // pointer to data member
std::function<int(MyValue)> fifth = &MyValue::fifth; // pointer to member function
MyValue sixty{ 60 };
std::cout << "value(sixty): " << value(sixty) << '\n'; // 60
std::cout << "fifth(sixty): " << fifth(sixty) << '\n'; // 12
return 0;
}
int test_functional_reference_wrapper()
{
int a(10), b(20), c(30);
// an array of "references":
std::reference_wrapper<int> refs[] = { a, b, c };
std::cout << "refs:";
for (int& x : refs) std::cout << ' ' << x; // 10 20 30
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}
//
int test_functional_bit()
{
{
int values[] = { 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 };
int masks[] = { 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 255, 255 };
int results[5];
std::transform(values, std::end(values), masks, results, std::bit_and<int>());
std::cout << "results:";
for (const int& x : results)
std::cout << ' ' << x; // 4 8 12 144 244
std::cout << '\n';
}
{
int flags[] = { 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 };
int acc = std::accumulate(flags, std::end(flags), 0, std::bit_or<int>());
std::cout << "accumulated: " << acc << '\n'; // 255
}
{
int flags[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int acc = std::accumulate(flags, std::end(flags), 0, std::bit_xor<int>());
std::cout << "xor: " << acc << '\n'; // 11
}
return 0;
}
//
int test_functional_arithmetic()
{
{
int first[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int second[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
int results[5];
std::transform(first, first + 5, second, results, std::plus<int>());
for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
std::cout << results[i] << ' '; // 11 22 33 44 55
std::cout << '\n';
}
{
int numbers[] = { 10, 20, 30 };
int result;
result = std::accumulate(numbers, numbers + 3, 100, std::minus<int>());
std::cout << "The result of 100-10-20-30 is " << result << ".\n"; // 40
}
{
int numbers[9];
int factorials[9];
for (int i = 0; i<9; i++) numbers[i] = i + 1;
std::partial_sum(numbers, numbers + 9, factorials, std::multiplies<int>());
for (int i = 0; i<9; i++)
std::cout << numbers[i] << "! is " << factorials[i] << '\n'; // 1 2 6 24 120 720 5040 40320 362880
}
{
int first[] = { 10, 40, 90, 40, 10 };
int second[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int results[5];
std::transform(first, first + 5, second, results, std::divides<int>());
for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
std::cout << results[i] << ' '; // 10 20 30 10 2
std::cout << '\n';
}
{
int numbers[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int remainders[5];
std::transform(numbers, numbers + 5, remainders, std::bind2nd(std::modulus<int>(), 2));
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
std::cout << numbers[i] << " is " << (remainders[i] == 0 ? "even" : "odd") << '\n';
}
{
int numbers[] = { 10, -20, 30, -40, 50 };
std::transform(numbers, numbers + 5, numbers, std::negate<int>());
for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
std::cout << numbers[i] << ' '; // -10 20 -30 40 -50
std::cout << '\n';
}
return 0;
}
///
int test_functional_compare()
{
{
std::pair<int*, int*> ptiter;
int foo[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
int bar[] = { 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 };
ptiter = std::mismatch(foo, foo + 5, bar, std::equal_to<int>());
std::cout << "First mismatching pair is: " << *ptiter.first; // 30
std::cout << " and " << *ptiter.second << '\n'; // 40
}
{
int numbers[] = { 10, 10, 10, 20, 20 };
int* pt = std::adjacent_find(numbers, numbers + 5, std::not_equal_to<int>()) + 1;
std::cout << "The first different element is " << *pt << '\n'; // 20
}
{
int numbers[] = { 20, 40, 50, 10, 30 };
std::sort(numbers, numbers + 5, std::greater<int>());
for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
std::cout << numbers[i] << ' '; // 50 40 30 20 10
std::cout << '\n';
}
{
int foo[] = { 10, 20, 5, 15, 25 };
int bar[] = { 15, 10, 20 };
std::sort(foo, foo + 5, std::less<int>()); // 5 10 15 20 25
std::sort(bar, bar + 3, std::less<int>()); // 10 15 20
if (std::includes(foo, foo + 5, bar, bar + 3, std::less<int>()))
std::cout << "foo includes bar.\n"; // foo includes bar
}
{
int numbers[] = { 20, -30, 10, -40, 0 };
int cx = std::count_if(numbers, numbers + 5, std::bind2nd(std::greater_equal<int>(), 0));
std::cout << "There are " << cx << " non-negative elements.\n"; // 3
}
{
int numbers[] = { 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 };
int cx = std::count_if(numbers, numbers + 5, std::bind2nd(std::less_equal<int>(), 100));
std::cout << "There are " << cx << " elements lower than or equal to 100.\n"; // 4
}
return 0;
}
///
int test_functional_logical()
{
{
bool foo[] = { true, false, true, false };
bool bar[] = { true, true, false, false };
bool result[4];
std::transform(foo, foo + 4, bar, result, std::logical_and<bool>());
std::cout << std::boolalpha << "Logical AND:\n";
for (int i = 0; i<4; i++)
std::cout << foo[i] << " AND " << bar[i] << " = " << result[i] << "\n"; // true false false false
}
{
bool foo[] = { true, false, true, false };
bool bar[] = { true, true, false, false };
bool result[4];
std::transform(foo, foo + 4, bar, result, std::logical_or<bool>());
std::cout << std::boolalpha << "Logical OR:\n";
for (int i = 0; i<4; i++)
std::cout << foo[i] << " OR " << bar[i] << " = " << result[i] << "\n"; // true true true false
}
{
bool values[] = { true, false };
bool result[2];
std::transform(values, values + 2, result, std::logical_not<bool>());
std::cout << std::boolalpha << "Logical NOT:\n";
for (int i = 0; i<2; i++)
std::cout << "NOT " << values[i] << " = " << result[i] << "\n"; // false true
}
return 0;
}
int test_functional_bad_function_call()
{
std::function<int(int, int)> foo = std::plus<int>();
std::function<int(int, int)> bar;
try {
std::cout << foo(10, 20) << '\n'; // 30
std::cout << bar(10, 20) << '\n';
} catch (std::bad_function_call& e)
{
std::cout << "ERROR: Bad function call\n"; // ERROR: Bad function call
}
return 0;
}
//
int test_functional_hash()
{
char nts1[] = "Test";
char nts2[] = "Test";
std::string str1(nts1);
std::string str2(nts2);
std::hash<char*> ptr_hash;
std::hash<std::string> str_hash;
std::cout << "same hashes:\n" << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << "nts1 and nts2: " << (ptr_hash(nts1) == ptr_hash(nts2)) << '\n'; // false
std::cout << "str1 and str2: " << (str_hash(str1) == str_hash(str2)) << '\n'; // true
return 0;
}
/
int test_functional_is_bind_expression()
{
using namespace std::placeholders; // introduces _1
auto increase_int = std::bind(std::plus<int>(), _1, 1);
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << std::is_bind_expression<decltype(increase_int)>::value << '\n'; // true
return 0;
}
/
int test_functional_is_placeholder()
{
using namespace std::placeholders; // introduces _1
std::cout << std::is_placeholder<decltype(_1)>::value << '\n'; // 1
std::cout << std::is_placeholder<decltype(_2)>::value << '\n'; // 2
std::cout << std::is_placeholder<int>::value << '\n'; // 0
return 0;
}
} // namespace functional_
GitHub: https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test