10、卷积神经网络（补充）

碳水大炸弹

已于 2022-10-31 15:26:58 修改

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分类专栏： Pytorch深度学习实践文章标签： cnn 机器学习人工智能

于 2022-10-31 15:24:55 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/PuLaNa_/article/details/127615582

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（1）用卷积神经网络实现GoogleNet中的Inception Module

（2）1x1卷积核目的：减少计算量

（3）在MNIST数据集上，用卷积神经网络实现GoogleNet代码：

'''
   Inception Module
   1x1卷积:目的是减少计算量
   GoogleNet
   concat:沿着通道拼接
'''
import  torch
from  torchvision import transforms
from torchvision import datasets
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim
import torch.nn as nn

batch_size = 64
transform = transforms.Compose([
    # convert the PIL Image to tensor,单通道变为多通道
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    #数据标准化，切换到（0.1）分布，均值mean和标准差std，对MNIST所有像素值计算的结果
    transforms.Normalize((0.1307, ), (0.3081, ))
])

train_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./mnist/',
                               train=True,
                               download=True,
                               transform=transform)
train_loader = DataLoader(dataset=train_dataset,
                          shuffle=True,
                          batch_size=batch_size)

test_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./mnist/',
                               train=False,
                               download=True,
                               transform=transform)
test_loader = DataLoader(dataset=test_dataset,
                         shuffle=False,
                         batch_size=batch_size
                         )

class InceptionA(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels):
        super(InceptionA,self).__init__()
        self.branch1x1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 16, kernel_size=1)

        self.branch5x5_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 16, kernel_size=1)
        self.branch5x5_2 = nn.Conv2d(16, 24, kernel_size=5, padding=2)

        self.branch3x3_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 16, kernel_size=1)
        self.branch3x3_2 = nn.Conv2d(16, 24, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
        self.branch3x3_3 = nn.Conv2d(24, 24, kernel_size=3, padding=1)

        self.branch_pool = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 24, kernel_size=1)

    def forward(self, x):
        branch1x1 = self.branch1x1(x)

        branch5x5 = self.branch5x5_1(x)
        branch5x5 = self.branch5x5_2(branch5x5)

        branch3x3 = self.branch3x3_1(x)
        branch3x3 = self.branch3x3_2(branch3x3)
        branch3x3 = self.branch3x3_3(branch3x3)

        branch_pool = F.avg_pool2d(x, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
        branch_pool = self.branch_pool(branch_pool)

        outputs = [branch1x1, branch5x5, branch3x3, branch_pool]
        return torch.cat(outputs, dim=1)
        #dim=1沿着第一个维度拼接，(batch,c,w,h)，dim=1表示沿着通道c拼接

class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 10, kernel_size=5)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(88, 20, kernel_size=5)
        self.incep1 = InceptionA(in_channels=10)
        self.incep2 = InceptionA(in_channels=20)
        self.mp = nn.MaxPool2d(2)
        self.fc = nn.Linear(1408, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        in_size = x.size(0)
        x = F.relu(self.mp(self.conv1(x)))
        x = self.incep1(x)
        x = F.relu(self.mp(self.conv2(x)))
        x = self.incep2(x)
        x = x.view(in_size, -1)
        x = self.fc(x)
        return x

model = Net()
#把模型迁移到GPU上
device = torch.device("cuda:0"if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
model.to(device)

criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
#带冲量的梯度下降，冲量可以优化训练过程
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01, momentum=0.5)

def train(epoch):
    running_loss = 0.0
    for batch_idx, data in enumerate(train_loader, 0):
        inputs, target = data
        inputs, target = inputs.to(device), target.to(device)
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        outputs = model(inputs)
        loss = criterion(outputs, target)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

        running_loss += loss.item()
        if batch_idx %300 == 299:
            print('[%d, %5d] loss:%.3f' % (epoch+1, batch_idx+1, running_loss/300))
            running_loss = 0.0

def test():
    correct = 0
    total = 0
    with torch.no_grad():
        for data in test_loader:
            inputs, target = data
            inputs, target = inputs.to(device), target.to(device)
            outputs = model(inputs)
            _, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, dim=1)
            total += target.size(0)
            correct += (predicted == target).sum().item()
    print('Accuracy on test set: %d %% [%d/%d]' % (100 * correct / total, correct, total))

if __name__ =='__main__':
    for epoch in range(10):
        train(epoch)
        test()

输出结果：

（4）有时候层数不是越多越好，在有的数据集上会出现叠加的层数越多性能越差的问题，有可能是梯度消失导致

（5）梯度消失：求梯度时，用链式法则把一连串的值乘起来，若梯度都小于1，连乘后趋于0，梯度趋于0，权重w=w-αg得不到更新，没有办法得到充分训练

为解决梯度消失，引入Residual Net残差网络，H(x)=z=F(x)+x，这样权重就可以得到更新

（6）在MNIST数据集上，引入Residual Net实现GoogleNet代码：

'''
   Inception Module
   1x1卷积:目的是减少计算量
   GoogleNet
   concat:沿着通道拼接
'''
import  torch
from  torchvision import transforms
from torchvision import datasets
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim
import torch.nn as nn

batch_size = 64
transform = transforms.Compose([
    # convert the PIL Image to tensor,单通道变为多通道
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    #数据标准化，切换到（0.1）分布，均值mean和标准差std，对MNIST所有像素值计算的结果
    transforms.Normalize((0.1307, ), (0.3081, ))
])

train_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./mnist/',
                               train=True,
                               download=True,
                               transform=transform)
train_loader = DataLoader(dataset=train_dataset,
                          shuffle=True,
                          batch_size=batch_size)

test_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./mnist/',
                               train=False,
                               download=True,
                               transform=transform)
test_loader = DataLoader(dataset=test_dataset,
                         shuffle=False,
                         batch_size=batch_size
                         )

class InceptionA(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels):
        super(InceptionA,self).__init__()
        self.branch1x1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 16, kernel_size=1)

        self.branch5x5_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 16, kernel_size=1)
        self.branch5x5_2 = nn.Conv2d(16, 24, kernel_size=5, padding=2)

        self.branch3x3_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 16, kernel_size=1)
        self.branch3x3_2 = nn.Conv2d(16, 24, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
        self.branch3x3_3 = nn.Conv2d(24, 24, kernel_size=3, padding=1)

        self.branch_pool = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 24, kernel_size=1)

    def forward(self, x):
        branch1x1 = self.branch1x1(x)

        branch5x5 = self.branch5x5_1(x)
        branch5x5 = self.branch5x5_2(branch5x5)

        branch3x3 = self.branch3x3_1(x)
        branch3x3 = self.branch3x3_2(branch3x3)
        branch3x3 = self.branch3x3_3(branch3x3)

        branch_pool = F.avg_pool2d(x, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
        branch_pool = self.branch_pool(branch_pool)

        outputs = [branch1x1, branch5x5, branch3x3, branch_pool]
        return torch.cat(outputs, dim=1)
        #dim=1沿着第一个维度拼接，(batch,c,w,h)，dim=1表示沿着通道c拼接

'''
  解决梯度消失
'''
class ResidualBlock(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, channels):
        super(ResidualBlock, self).__init__()
        self.channels = channels
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(channels, channels,kernel_size=3, padding=1)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(channels, channels,kernel_size=3, padding=1)

    def forward(self, x):
        y = F.relu(self.conv1(x))
        y = self.conv2(y)
        return  F.relu(x+y)

class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 16, kernel_size=5)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(16, 32, kernel_size=5)
        self.mp = nn.MaxPool2d(2)

        self.rblock1 = ResidualBlock(16)
        self.rblock2 = ResidualBlock(32)

        self.fc = nn.Linear(512, 10)

    def forward(self,x):
        in_size = x.size(0)
        x = self.mp(F.relu(self.conv1(x)))
        x = self.rblock1(x)
        x = self.mp(F.relu(self.conv2(x)))
        x = self.rblock2(x)
        x = x.view(in_size, -1)
        x = self.fc(x)
        return x

model = Net()
#把模型迁移到GPU上
device = torch.device("cuda:0"if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
model.to(device)

criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
#带冲量的梯度下降，冲量可以优化训练过程
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01, momentum=0.5)

def train(epoch):
    running_loss = 0.0
    for batch_idx, data in enumerate(train_loader, 0):
        inputs, target = data
        inputs, target = inputs.to(device), target.to(device)
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        outputs = model(inputs)
        loss = criterion(outputs, target)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

        running_loss += loss.item()
        if batch_idx %300 == 299:
            print('[%d, %5d] loss:%.3f' % (epoch+1, batch_idx+1, running_loss/300))
            running_loss = 0.0

def test():
    correct = 0
    total = 0
    with torch.no_grad():
        for data in test_loader:
            inputs, target = data
            inputs, target = inputs.to(device), target.to(device)
            outputs = model(inputs)
            _, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, dim=1)
            total += target.size(0)
            correct += (predicted == target).sum().item()
    print('Accuracy on test set: %d %% [%d/%d]' % (100 * correct / total, correct, total))

if __name__ =='__main__':
    for epoch in range(10):
        train(epoch)
        test()

输出结果：