万门大学数据结构与算法进阶（2）ArrayList 动态数组

ArrayList 动态数组/数组列表

基础知识

• 顺序储存数据
• 连续储存
• 任意顺序访问，可变大小的列表数据结构允许增加、删除元素

抽象数据类型

- E.g., a list of available hotel rooms, a list of cities, and a list of books

• Data Abstraction
  • Decide what data elements you will be operating on
  • Decide what operations you will be doing to each data element
  • Define a clean interface to these operations
  • Implement the objects
  • Now you have an Abstract Data Type (ADT)

Python Array vs. List

数组和动态数组的最大区别：
数组的大小是固定的，动态数组的大小是可以改变的！

Array Module - Sequence of fixed-type data

• python array
  用来储存序列的数据，且其中的数据必须有相同的数据类型：要求是全部为数字或者其它固定大小的原始类型如字节。（除了需要相同的数据类型之外，与 list 几乎一样）

import array
import binascii

s = 'sample' 
a = array.array('u', s)

print('As string:', s)
print('As array :', a)

As string: sample
As array : array('u', 'sample')

python string

• string

python 利用 string 来储存具有不同大小/长度的序列数据。

虽然初始元素的大小可能不同，但是用于存储每个元素的存储器地址的位的数目是固定的（每个地址例如，64位）

List 实例

• 切片操作
  A single list instance may include multiple references to the same object as elements of the list, and it is possible for a single object to be an element of two or more lists, as those lists simply store references back to that object. As an example, when you compute a slice of a list, the result is a new list instance, but that new list has references to the same elements that are in the original list.
  

• 浅拷贝

# let's play some tricks
# array slicing: make a copy!!!

a = list(range(0, 9))
print(a)
b = a[3:7]
print(b)

b[0] = -1
print(a)
print(b)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
[3, 4, 5, 6]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
[-1, 4, 5, 6]

import numpy as np

a = np.arange(10)
print(a)
b = a[3:7]
print(b)

b[0] = -1
print(a)
print(b)

b = a[3:7].copy()
print(b)
b[1] = -2
print(a)
print(b)

[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
[3 4 5 6]
[ 0  1  2 -1  4  5  6  7  8  9]
[-1  4  5  6]
[-1  4  5  6]
[ 0  1  2 -1  4  5  6  7  8  9]
[-1 -2  5  6]

• 深拷贝

a = [0] * 8
a[2] = 1
a

[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

a = [[0] * 8] * 8
a[0][0] = 9
a

[[9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
 [9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
 [9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
 [9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
 [9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
 [9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
 [9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
 [9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]

• 初始化二维的列表

To properly initialize a two-dimensional list, we must ensure that each cell of the primary list refers to an independent instance of a secondary list. This can be accomplished through the use of Python’s list comprehension syntax.

m, n = 3, 2
data = [ [0] * n for j in range(m) ]
data

[[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]]

List

字符串是字符的序列，列表是对象的序列。当对象的顺序很重要时，我们使用 LIst。

• ADT List Operations
  • Create an empty list
  • Determine whether the list is empty
  • Determine the number of items in a list
  • Add an item at given position in a list
  • Remove the item at a given position in a list
  • Remove all the items from a list
  • Get the item at a given position in a list
  • Other operations?