K-Nearest Neighbors算法
一、优缺点
优点:精度高、对异常值不敏感、无数据输入假定
缺点:计算复杂度高、空间复杂度高
适用数据范围:数值型和标称型。
二、步骤
(1) 收集数据Data Collections:提供文本文件
(2) 准备数据Data Preparation:使用Python解析文本文件
(3) 分析数据Data Analysis:使用Matplotlib画二维扩散图
(4) 训练数据Data Training:此步骤不适用于k-近邻算法
(5) 测试数据Data Testing:计算错误率
(6) 使用数据Utilizing Algorithm:首先需要输入样本数据和结构化的输出结果,然后运行k-近邻算法判定输入数据分别属于哪个分类,最后应用对计算出的分类执行后续的处理。
三、代码及简单解释
from numpy import *
import operator
from os import listdir
#Chapter2-1: KNN Algorithm
def createDataSet():
group = array([[1.0,1.1],[1.0,1.0],[0,0],[0,0.1]])
labels = ['A','A','B','B']
return group, labels
def classify0(inX, dataSet, labels, k):
dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0]
diffMat = tile(inX, (dataSetSize,1)) - dataSet
sqDiffMat = diffMat**2
sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis=1)
distances = sqDistances**0.5
sortedDistIndicies = distances.argsort()
classCount={}
for i in range(k):
voteIlabel = labels[sortedDistIndicies[i]]
classCount[voteIlabel] = classCount.get(voteIlabel,0) + 1
sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.iteritems(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
return sortedClassCount[0][0]
#Chapter2-2: Dating 案例
#Step 1: Data Collection+Data Preparation
#读取文件后形成了特征矩阵,和标签向量
def file2matrix(filename):
fr = open(filename)
numberOfLines = len(fr.readlines()) #get the number of lines in the file
returnMat = zeros((numberOfLines,3)) #prepare matrix to return
classLabelVector = [] #prepare labels return
fr = open(filename)
index = 0
for line in fr.readlines():
line = line.strip()
listFromLine = line.split('\t')
returnMat[index,:] = listFromLine[0:3]
classLabelVector.append(int(listFromLine[-1]))
index += 1
return returnMat,classLabelVector
>>>import KNN
>>>datingDataMat, datingLabels=KNN.file2matrix('datingTestSet.txt')
#使用Matplotlib创建散点图
>>>import matplotlib
>>>import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>>fig=plt.figure()
>>>ax=fig.add_subplot(111)
>>>ax.scatter(datingDataMat[:,1],datingDataMat[:,2])
>>>plt.show()
#不同类别显示不同颜色
>>>ax.scatter(datingDataMat[:,1],datingDataMat[:,2],15.0*array(datingLabels),15.0*array(datingLabels))
#Step 2:归一化处理
def autoNorm(dataSet):
minVals = dataSet.min(0)
maxVals = dataSet.max(0)
ranges = maxVals - minVals
normDataSet = zeros(shape(dataSet))
m = dataSet.shape[0]
normDataSet = dataSet - tile(minVals, (m,1))
normDataSet = normDataSet/tile(ranges, (m,1)) #element wise divide
return normDataSet, ranges, minVals
>>>import KNN
>>>normMat, ranges, minVals = KNN.autoNorm(datingDataMat)
#Step 3:测试算法
def datingClassTest():
hoRatio = 0.10 #hold out 10%
datingDataMat,datingLabels = file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt') #load data setfrom file
normMat, ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat)
m = normMat.shape[0]
numTestVecs = int(m*hoRatio)
errorCount = 0.0
for i in range(numTestVecs):
classifierResult = classify0(normMat[i,:],normMat[numTestVecs:m,:],datingLabels[numTestVecs:m],3)
print("the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (classifierResult, datingLabels[i]))
if (classifierResult != datingLabels[i]): errorCount += 1.0
print("the total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount/float(numTestVecs)))
print(errorCount)
>>>KNN.datingClassTest()
#Chapter 2-3 手写识别系统
#Step 1:把32*32的二进制图像转换为1*1024的向量
def img2vector(filename):
returnVect = zeros((1,1024))
fr = open(filename)
for i in range(32):
lineStr = fr.readline()
for j in range(32):
returnVect[0,32*i+j] = int(lineStr[j])
return returnVect
>>>testVector=KNN.img2vector('testDigits/0_13.txt')
#Step 2:
def handwritingClassTest():
#获取目录内容
hwLabels = []
trainingFileList = listdir('C:/Users/yy/Anaconda3/Test/KNN/trainingDigits') #load the
m = len(trainingFileList)
trainingMat = zeros((m,1024))
for i in range(m):
fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0] #take off .txt
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
hwLabels.append(classNumStr)
trainingMat[i,:] = img2vector('C:/Users/yy/Anaconda3/Test/KNN/trainingDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
testFileList = listdir('C:/Users/yy/Anaconda3/Test/KNN/testDigits') #iterate through the test set
errorCount = 0.0
mTest = len(testFileList)
for i in range(mTest):
fileNameStr = testFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0] #take off .txt
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
vectorUnderTest = img2vector('C:/Users/yy/Anaconda3/Test/KNN/testDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, trainingMat, hwLabels, 3)
print("the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (classifierResult, classNumStr))
if (classifierResult != classNumStr): errorCount += 1.0
print("\nthe total number of errors is: %d" % errorCount)
print("\nthe total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount/float(mTest)))
>>>KNN.handwritingClassTest()
四、数据集:
见附件
本文为《机器学习实战》学习笔记