Python——基础知识

终于完整的从头到尾看了一本书，《A Byte of python》。正如结尾所说这只是开始的结束。还需继续前行，技术的道路永无止境！

注：如果含有中文字符，在python文件开头加上注释：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

1.文本显示格式：

print"hello world!"

mark='多行文本显示，段落'
print '{0:-^60}'.format(mark)
c='''This is a multi-line string. This is the first line.
This is the second line.
"What's your name?," I asked.
He said "Bond, James Bond."
'''
print c

mark='转义字符，r的使用，多行显单行'
print '{0:-^60}'.format(mark)
d= 'What\'s your name?'
e="What's your name?"
m=r"this is the first line\nthis\tis the second line"
m0="this is the first line\nthis\tis the second line"
n="this is the first line.\
this is also the first  line."
print d+'\n'+ e +'\n'+ m+'\n'+m0+'\n'+n

mark='format使用'
print '{0:-^60}'.format(mark)
name='daisy'
age=25
gender='女生'
introduction=('{0:-^12}是一个{1}岁的{2}'.format(name,age,gender))
question=' Do you know where is the {0} years old {1} from?'.format(age,gender)
print introduction +question

2.循环和控制流

mark='while use,remeber this while has else\
excute break will not excute else'
print '{0:-^60}'.format(mark)

number=23
running=True

while running:
    guess=int(input("enter a integer:"))

    if guess==number:
        print 'congratulation,you guessed it!'
        break
    elif guess<number:
            print 'no,it is a little higher'
    else :
            print 'no,it is a little lower'
else:
    print 'the while loop is over'
print 'done'
        
mark="for use,range function generate a sequence,\
default size is 1.else is optional"
print '{0:-^60}'.format(mark)

for i in range(1,6,2):
    print i
else:
    print 'the for loop is over'

3.数据结构

#list

programmingLangs=['c','c++','c#','java','python','shell']
print("I have  learned the programming languages as below:",programmingLangs)
programmingLangs.append("ruby")
del programmingLangs[5]
programmingLangs.sort()
count=len(programmingLangs)

print("the count of this set is",count)
print("i known those programming languages well:",programmingLangs)
for lang in programmingLangs:
    print(lang)

#tuple
zoo=() #null
zoo=("elephant",) # contain one value
zoo=('1','2','3')
new_zoo=('77','88',zoo)

length=len(zoo)
length2=len(new_zoo)

print("the length of zoo is {0},the length of new_zoo is {1}".format(length,length2))

print("newzoo have value {0}".format(new_zoo[2][2]))
print(zoo)
zoo=(('1','2','3'),)
print(len(zoo))

#dict
dic={'1':'100分','2':'90分','3':'85分'}
print("The number one got {0}".format(dic['1']))
del dic['2']
dic['4']='67分'
if (dic.has_key('4')):
    dic['5']='60分'
else:
    dic['4']='67分'
    
for rank,score in dic.items():
    print('number {0} got {1}'.format(rank,score))

# sequence facet
list=['a','b','c','d','e']
str='china'
#forward print
for i in range(len(list)):
    print(" item {0} is {1}".format(i,list[i]))
print(list)
#backward print
for i in range(len(list)):
    print("last item {0} is {1}".format(i,list[-1-i]))
print(list[::-1])
    
print(str[:])
print(str[:4:2])
print(str[2:])
print(str[1:-1])

#set
# see the difrence between copy and assignment
set1=set(["haerbin","hebei","bejing","shanghai"])
setc=set1.copy()
setc.add("henan")
setc.add("hubei")
# sub set
print(setc.issuperset(set1))
setc.remove("hebei")
print(set1 & setc)
print(set1 | setc)
#reference  
setalias=set1
set1.remove("bejing")
delimiter='_*_*_'
print(delimiter.join(setalias))

4.函数调用

def SayHello():
    print "daisy please be come down!"
SayHello()

#全局变量
x=60
def func():
    #函数内部使用外部定义的变量，必须使用global标记为全局语句
    global x
    x=20
    print ('x changed value is',x)
    
func()
print ("value of x is",x)


#默认参数
def say(message,times=1):
    print (message*times)

say("hello")
say("hello",5)

#复杂参数
def total(initial=5,*numbers,**keywords):
    count=initial
    for number in numbers:
        count+=number

    for key in keywords:
        count+=keywords[key]

    return count

print("total is:",total(2,34,35,36,a=6,c=7,d=5))

#打印注释
def printMax(x, y):
 '''Prints the maximum of two numbers.

 The two values must be integers.'''
 x = int(x) # convert to integers, if possible
 y = int(y)
 if x > y:
     print(x, 'is maximum')
 else:
     print(y, 'is maximum')

printMax(3, 5)
#注意两边都是双下划线
print(printMax.__doc__)

5.类定义

from Module import *
class Person:
    guess='false'
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name
    def SayHi(self):
        print("hello {0},how are you ?".format(self.name))
    def Guess():
        Person.guess='true'
        Guess()
    #静态方法
    Guess=staticmethod(Guess)
    
    @staticmethod
    def GetMax(x,y):
        GetMax(x,y)
        
    #对象消失的时候配调用
    def __del__(self):
        print('I am dead')
    
p=Person("daisy")
p.SayHi()       # 调用对象方法
Person.Guess()  # 调用类方法
Person.GetMax(34,67)
print(p.name)        #调用对象变量
print(Person.guess)  #调用类变量
del p  

6.类继承

class SchoolMember:
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
      
    def tell(self):
        print("Name :{0},Age:{1}".format(self.name,self.age))

class Teacher(SchoolMember):
    def __init__(self,name,age,salary):
        SchoolMember.__init__(self,name,age)
        self.salary=salary

    def tell(self):
        SchoolMember.tell(self)
        print("salary:{0:d}".format(self.salary))
        
class Student(SchoolMember):
    def __init__(self,name,age,marks):
        SchoolMember.__init__(self,name,age)
        self.marks=marks

    def tell(self):
        SchoolMember.tell(self)
        print("marks:{0:d}".format(self.marks))


t=Teacher("daisy",25,3000)
s=Student("ageala",26,100)
t.tell()
s.tell()

7.输入输出

# input and output
def reverse(text):
    return text[::-1]

def is_palindrome(text):
    text=text.lower()
    text=text.replace(' ','')
    return text == reverse(text)

str=input('enter text:')

if(is_palindrome(str)):
    print("{0} is palindrome".format(str))
else:
    print("{0} is not palindrome".format(str))

#file
poem1='''\
白日依山尽，黄河入海流。
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。'''

poem2='''
举头望明月，低头思故乡。
床前明月光，疑是地上霜。'''

f=open("poem.text",'w')
f.write(poem1)
f.close()

f=open("poem.text",'a')
f.write(poem2)
f.close()


f=open("poem.text")
while True:
    line=f.readline()
    if(len(line)==0):
        break
    print(line)
f.close()

#pickle (store any object)

import pickle
objectFileName="shop.data"
shoplist=(('apple','banana','mango','watermelon'),('carrot','cucombber'))

f=open(objectFileName,'wb')
pickle.dump(shoplist,f)
f.close()

#after code,it will be automate closed
with open(objectFileName,'rb') as f:
    storedlist=pickle.load(f)
    print(storedlist[0][3])

8.标准类库简介

# python standard library
import sys,warnings
info=sys.version_info
if(info[0]<3):
    warnings.warn("need python 3",RuntimeWarning)

import os,platform,logging
if platform.platform().startswith('Windows'):
    loggingfile=os.path.join(os.getenv('HOMEDRIVE'),'test.log')
    print(loggingfile)
else:
    loggingfile=os.path.join(os.getenv('HOME'),'test.log')

logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    format='%(asctime)s:%(levelname)s:%(message)s',
    filename=loggingfile,
    filemode='w'
    )
logging.debug('start of the program')
logging.info('doing something')
logging.warning('dying now')

import json
import urllib,urllib.parse,urllib.request,urllib.response

yhoo_app_id='jl22psvV34HELWhdfUJbfDQzlJ2B57KFS_qs4I8D0Wz5U5_yCI1Awv8.lBSfPhwr'

searchbase='http://search.yahooapis.com/WebSearchService/V1/webSearch'

class YahooSearchError(Exception):
    pass
def Search(query,results=20,start=1,**kwargs):
    kwargs.update({
        'appid':yhoo_app_id,
        'query':query,
        'results':results,
        'output':json,
        })
    url=searchbase+'?'+urllib.parse.urlencode(kwargs)
    result=json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(url))
    if 'ERROR' in result:
        YahooSearchError(result['ERROR'])
    return result['ResultSet']

query=input("what you want to search?")

for result in Search(query)['Result']:
    print("title: {0},url :{1}".format(result['Title'],result['Url'])) 
        
      

但是没有调用成功，因为用的是python2.7，下次试一下python3.0

9.其他内容

# return more than one value by tuple

def get_score():
    return ("shiyaru",100)

name,score=get_score()
print("{0} got {1}".format(name,score))

# lambda
points = [ { 'x' : 2, 'y' : 3 }, { 'x' : 4, 'y' : 1 } ]
points.sort(lambda a, b : -cmp(a['x'], b['x']))
print(points)

def make_repeater (n): 
    return lambda s: (s*n)

twice = make_repeater( 5 ) 

print twice( 'word' ) 
print twice( 5 )


#list filter
list1=[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1,23]
list2=[2*i for i in list1 if i%2 != 0]
print(list2)

# tuple  and dictionary reference
def totalScore(*score):
    total=0
    for s in score:
        total += s
    return total

def total(**studentScore):
    total=0
    for k,v in studentScore.items():
        total += v
    return total
print('total score is :{0}'.format(totalScore(55,66,88,78,89,58,100)))
print('total score is :{0}'.format(totalScore(*[55,66,88,89,58,100])))
print('total score is :{0}'.format(total(shi=45,ya=88,ru=98)))
print('total score is :{0}'.format(total(**{'1':100,'2':90,'3':85})))

#exec and eval
exec("""list1=[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1,23]
list2=[2*i for i in list1 if i%2 != 0]
print(list2)""")
eval('8*54')

#assert
a=[1,2]
assert len(a) >= 1

#repr
points = [ { 'x' : 2, 'y' : 3 }, { 'x' : 4, 'y' : 1 } ]
printstr=repr(points)
print(printstr)
print(eval(printstr))

10.实现实例

import pickle
class PersonInfo:
    def __init__(self,email,telnum):
        self.email=email
        self.telnum=telnum
        
dic={"shi":PersonInfo("1464077148@qq.com","15827320659"),
     "he":PersonInfo("5674077148@qq.com","15827356759"),
     "xiong":PersonInfo("1464789148@qq.com","15844520659")}

firendsfile="firends.data"

def syncfirends(dic):
    with open(firendsfile,"wb") as f:
        pickle.dump(dic,f)    

def getfriends():
    with open(firendsfile,"rb") as f:
        dic=pickle.load(f)
        for name,info in dic.items():
            print("my firend {0} detail infomation is email:{1} tel:{2} ".format(name,info.email,info.telnum))

def addfriends(name,pernsoninfo):
     with open(firendsfile,"rb") as f:
         dic=pickle.load(f)
         if(dic.has_key(name)==False):
             dic[name]=pernsoninfo
             syncfirends(dic)
             print("I have {0} friends now ".format(len(dic)))

def deletefriend(name):
    with open(firendsfile,"rb") as f:
        dic=pickle.load(f)
        del dic[name]
        syncfirends(dic)
        print("I have {0} friends now ".format(len(dic)))