一、本文前提
已知欧拉公式为:
e
j
θ
=
c
o
s
θ
+
j
⋅
s
i
n
θ
e^{j\theta}=cos\theta+j\cdot sin\theta
ejθ=cosθ+j⋅sinθ
傅里叶级数公式为:
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−
∞
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∞
C
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2
π
n
t
T
f(t)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{n=+\infty}C_{n}\cdot e^\frac{j\cdot2\pi nt}{T}
f(t)=n=−∞∑n=+∞Cn⋅eTj⋅2πnt
其中:
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n
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T
∫
−
T
2
T
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C_{n}=\frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)e^{-\frac{j\cdot2\pi nt}{T}}d_t
Cn=T1∫−2T2Tf(t)e−Tj⋅2πntdt
本文不对上述公式做出证明，而是默认读者已了解上述公式，并且掌握实数、虚数的概念。
本文还用到基础的积分公式、奇偶函数积分的性质，默认读者已经掌握此类知识。
二、问题提出
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对于傅里叶级数公式
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∞
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∞
C
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e
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π
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f(t)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{n=+\infty}C_{n}\cdot e^\frac{j\cdot2\pi nt}{T}
f(t)=∑n=−∞n=+∞Cn⋅eTj⋅2πnt，其中左侧
f
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t
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f(t)
f(t)定义域与值域都是实数，而右侧包含
e
j
⋅
2
π
n
t
T
e^\frac{j\cdot2\pi nt}{T}
eTj⋅2πnt，是一个虚数型式，那么为什么右侧的虚数
j
j
j去了哪里？
~~~~
我们可以想到虚数部分很可能在公式
∑
\sum
∑部分相互约掉了，那么是怎么约掉的呢？下面本文将推导证明虚数约去的过程。
~~~~
即证明对于任意的实数
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t_{0}
t0，
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f(t_{0})=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{n=+\infty}C_{n}\cdot e^\frac{j\cdot2\pi nt_{0}}{T}
f(t0)=∑n=−∞n=+∞Cn⋅eTj⋅2πnt0的虚部为
0
0
0。
三、证明过程
对于任意的实数
t
0
t_{0}
t0，
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−
∞
n
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+
∞
C
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e
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π
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t
0
T
f(t_{0})=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{n=+\infty}C_{n}\cdot e^\frac{j\cdot2\pi nt_{0}}{T}
f(t0)=n=−∞∑n=+∞Cn⋅eTj⋅2πnt0
我们令
h
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,
n
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=
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⋅
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t
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T
h(t_{0},n)=C_{n}\cdot e^\frac{j\cdot2\pi nt_{0}}{T}
h(t0,n)=Cn⋅eTj⋅2πnt0
那么有
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+
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+
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+
h
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+
∞
)
f(t_{0})=h(t_{0},-\infty)+...+h(t_{0},0)+...+h(t_{0},+\infty)
f(t0)=h(t0,−∞)+...+h(t0,0)+...+h(t0,+∞)
我们只要证明
h
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−
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)
h(t_{0},-n_{0})
h(t0,−n0)+
h
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)
h(t_{0},n_{0})
h(t0,n0)的虚部为
0
0
0即可以证明
f
(
t
0
)
f(t_{0})
f(t0)的虚部为
0
0
0。
h
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n
0
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=
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⋅
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t
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T
=
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=
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\begin{aligned} h(t_{0},n_{0})&=C_{n_{0}}\cdot e^\frac{j\cdot2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}\\ &=C_{n_{0}}\cdot(cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})+j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})) \\ &=(\frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)e^{-\frac{j\cdot2\pi n_{0}t}{T}}d_t)\cdot(cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})+j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})) \end{aligned}
h(t0,n0)=Cn0⋅eTj⋅2πn0t0=Cn0⋅(cos(T2πn0t0)+j⋅sin(T2πn0t0))=(T1∫−2T2Tf(t)e−Tj⋅2πn0tdt)⋅(cos(T2πn0t0)+j⋅sin(T2πn0t0))
因为公式中的
n
0
n_{0}
n0，
t
0
t_{0}
t0，
T
T
T和
π
\pi
π都是一个确定的值，因此
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+
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(cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})+j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}))
(cos(T2πn0t0)+j⋅sin(T2πn0t0))部分是一个确定的复数，可以将其写入到前面的积分中，那么
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h(t_{0},n_{0})
h(t0,n0)可以写成:
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\begin{aligned} h(t_{0},n_{0}) &= \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)e^{-\frac{j\cdot2\pi n_{0}t}{T}}\cdot(cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})+j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}))d_{t}\\ &= \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)\cdot (cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})-j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T}))\cdot(cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})+j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}))d_{t}\\ &= \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)\cdot (cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})-j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})+j\cdot cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}) -(j)^{2}\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}) )d_{t}\\ \end{aligned}
h(t0,n0)=T1∫−2T2Tf(t)e−Tj⋅2πn0t⋅(cos(T2πn0t0)+j⋅sin(T2πn0t0))dt=T1∫−2T2Tf(t)⋅(cos(T2πn0t)−j⋅sin(T2πn0t))⋅(cos(T2πn0t0)+j⋅sin(T2πn0t0))dt=T1∫−2T2Tf(t)⋅(cos(T2πn0t)cos(T2πn0t0)−j⋅sin(T2πn0t)cos(T2πn0t0)+j⋅cos(T2πn0t)sin(T2πn0t0)−(j)2⋅sin(T2πn0t)sin(T2πn0t0))dt
因为
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h(t_{0},n_{0})
h(t0,n0)的积分区域为
∫
−
T
2
T
2
\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}
∫−2T2T因此对于奇函数积分为
0
0
0。
h
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n
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h(t_{0},n_{0})
h(t0,n0)中含有
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2
π
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t
T
)
sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})
sin(T2πn0t)部分的积分后等于
0
0
0，因此：
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t
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\begin{aligned} h(t_{0},n_{0})&= \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)\cdot (cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})-j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})+j\cdot cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}) -(j)^{2}\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}) )d_{t}\\ &= \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)\cdot (cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})+j\cdot cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}) )d_{t} \end{aligned}
h(t0,n0)=T1∫−2T2Tf(t)⋅(cos(T2πn0t)cos(T2πn0t0)−j⋅sin(T2πn0t)cos(T2πn0t0)+j⋅cos(T2πn0t)sin(T2πn0t0)−(j)2⋅sin(T2πn0t)sin(T2πn0t0))dt=T1∫−2T2Tf(t)⋅(cos(T2πn0t)cos(T2πn0t0)+j⋅cos(T2πn0t)sin(T2πn0t0))dt
至此
h
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t
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,
n
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h(t_{0},n_{0})
h(t0,n0)的虚部只剩下了
1
T
∫
−
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2
T
2
f
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⋅
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\frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t) \cdot j\cdot cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T}) )d_{t}
T1∫−2T2Tf(t)⋅j⋅cos(T2πn0t)sin(T2πn0t0))dt
将
j
j
j和
s
i
n
(
2
π
n
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t
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T
)
sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})
sin(T2πn0t0)写在前面即：(
s
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n
(
2
π
n
0
t
0
T
)
sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})
sin(T2πn0t0)是个确定的数值所以可以提到积分号之外)
j
⋅
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(
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π
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)
⋅
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∫
−
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f
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j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t_{0}}{T})\cdot \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)cos(\frac{2\pi n_{0}t}{T})d_{t}
j⋅sin(T2πn0t0)⋅T1∫−2T2Tf(t)cos(T2πn0t)dt
上式即为
h
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t
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,
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h(t_{0},n_{0})
h(t0,n0)的虚数部分。
类似的
h
(
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,
−
n
0
)
h(t_{0}, -n_{0})
h(t0,−n0)的虚数部分可以写成
j
⋅
s
i
n
(
2
π
(
−
n
0
)
t
0
T
)
⋅
1
T
∫
−
T
2
T
2
f
(
t
)
c
o
s
(
2
π
(
−
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t
T
)
d
t
j\cdot sin(\frac{2\pi (-n_{0})t_{0}}{T})\cdot \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f(t)cos(\frac{2\pi (-n_{0})t}{T})d_{t}
j⋅sin(T2π(−n0)t0)⋅T1∫−2T2Tf(t)cos(T2π(−n0)t)dt
h
(
t
0
,
n
0
)
h(t_{0},n_{0})
h(t0,n0)和
h
(
t
0
,
−
n
0
)
h(t_{0},-n_{0})
h(t0,−n0)的虚数部分相加等于
0
0
0，即得证
f
(
t
0
)
f(t_{0})
f(t0)的虚部为
0
0
0，那么即证明:
f
(
t
)
=
∑
n
=
−
∞
n
=
+
∞
C
n
⋅
e
j
⋅
2
π
n
t
T
f(t)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{n=+\infty}C_{n}\cdot e^\frac{j\cdot2\pi nt}{T}
f(t)=n=−∞∑n=+∞Cn⋅eTj⋅2πnt
的虚数部分为
0
0
0，求证得证。
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