欧几里德的推广形式, 使其能计算出满足下面条件的整系数x,y:
d = gcd(a, b) = ax + by
void extend_Eulid(int a, int b)
{
if (b == 0) {
x = 1;
y = 0;
d = a;
}
else {
extend_Eulid(b, a%b);
int tmp = x;
x = y;
y = tmp - a/b*y;
}
}