RTC时钟学习随笔

一、概念

RTC实时时钟：Real-Time Clock
RTC实时时钟芯片是日常生活中应用最为广泛的消费类电子产品之一。它为人们提供精确的实时时间,或者为电子系统提供精确的时间基准,目前实时时钟芯片大多采用精度较高的晶体振荡器作为时钟源。有些时钟芯片为了在主电源掉电时，还可以工作，需要外加电池供电。

二、应用

RTC时钟的主要用处为：
日历：输出年月日、时分秒、星期
闹钟：提供闹钟中断
唤醒：低功耗模式唤醒中断

1. 配置RTC外设的时钟来源
   
   默认情况下为24小时值，由于我使用的开发板为STM32G431RBT6，在时钟树配置中选择的是HSE_RTC，对应时钟频率为750KHz，故为使频率为1Hz，即1秒钟，对参数进行以下更改：
   
2. 激活日历功能，并设置日期和时间初始值：
   

三、相关参数与函数

RTC时间结构体及其参数声明

/**
  * @brief  RTC Time structure definition
  */
typedef struct
{
  uint8_t Hours;            /*!< Specifies the RTC Time Hour.
                                 This parameter must be a number between Min_Data = 0 and Max_Data = 12 if the RTC_HourFormat_12 is selected.
                                 This parameter must be a number between Min_Data = 0 and Max_Data = 23 if the RTC_HourFormat_24 is selected */

  uint8_t Minutes;          /*!< Specifies the RTC Time Minutes.
                                 This parameter must be a number between Min_Data = 0 and Max_Data = 59 */

  uint8_t Seconds;          /*!< Specifies the RTC Time Seconds.
                                 This parameter must be a number between Min_Data = 0 and Max_Data = 59 */

  uint8_t TimeFormat;       /*!< Specifies the RTC AM/PM Time.
                                 This parameter can be a value of @ref RTC_AM_PM_Definitions */

  uint32_t SubSeconds;     /*!< Specifies the RTC_SSR RTC Sub Second register content.
                                 This parameter corresponds to a time unit range between [0-1] Second
                                 with [1 Sec / SecondFraction +1] granularity */

  uint32_t SecondFraction;  /*!< Specifies the range or granularity of Sub Second register content
                                 corresponding to Synchronous pre-scaler factor value (PREDIV_S)
                                 This parameter corresponds to a time unit range between [0-1] Second
                                 with [1 Sec / SecondFraction +1] granularity.
                                 This field will be used only by HAL_RTC_GetTime function */

  uint32_t DayLightSaving;  /*!< This interface is deprecated. To manage Daylight Saving Time,
                                 please use HAL_RTC_DST_xxx functions */

  uint32_t StoreOperation;  /*!< This interface is deprecated. To manage Daylight Saving Time,
                                 please use HAL_RTC_DST_xxx functions */
} RTC_TimeTypeDef;

RTC日期结构体及其参数声明

/**
  * @brief  RTC Date structure definition
  */
typedef struct
{
  uint8_t WeekDay;  /*!< Specifies the RTC Date WeekDay.
                         This parameter can be a value of @ref RTC_WeekDay_Definitions */

  uint8_t Month;    /*!< Specifies the RTC Date Month (in BCD format).
                         This parameter can be a value of @ref RTC_Month_Date_Definitions */

  uint8_t Date;     /*!< Specifies the RTC Date.
                         This parameter must be a number between Min_Data = 1 and Max_Data = 31 */

  uint8_t Year;     /*!< Specifies the RTC Date Year.
                         This parameter must be a number between Min_Data = 0 and Max_Data = 99 */
} RTC_DateTypeDef;

获取RTC当前时间函数

/**
  * @brief  Get RTC current time.
  * @note  You can use SubSeconds and SecondFraction (sTime structure fields returned) to convert SubSeconds
  *        value in second fraction ratio with time unit following generic formula:
  *        Second fraction ratio * time_unit= [(SecondFraction-SubSeconds)/(SecondFraction+1)] * time_unit
  *        This conversion can be performed only if no shift operation is pending (ie. SHFP=0) when PREDIV_S >= SS
  * @note  You must call HAL_RTC_GetDate() after HAL_RTC_GetTime() to unlock the values
  *        in the higher-order calendar shadow registers to ensure consistency between the time and date values.
  *        Reading RTC current time locks the values in calendar shadow registers until Current date is read
  *        to ensure consistency between the time and date values.
  * @param  hrtc RTC handle
  * @param  sTime Pointer to Time structure with Hours, Minutes and Seconds fields returned
  *                with input format (BIN or BCD), also SubSeconds field returning the
  *                RTC_SSR register content and SecondFraction field the Synchronous pre-scaler
  *                factor to be used for second fraction ratio computation.
  * @param  Format Specifies the format of the entered parameters.
  *          This parameter can be one of the following values:
  *            @arg RTC_FORMAT_BIN: Binary data format
  *            @arg RTC_FORMAT_BCD: BCD data format
  * @retval HAL status
  */
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_RTC_GetTime(RTC_HandleTypeDef *hrtc, RTC_TimeTypeDef *sTime, uint32_t Format)

获取RTC当前日期函数

/**
  * @brief  Get RTC current date.
  * @note  You must call HAL_RTC_GetDate() after HAL_RTC_GetTime() to unlock the values
  *        in the higher-order calendar shadow registers to ensure consistency between the time and date values.
  *        Reading RTC current time locks the values in calendar shadow registers until Current date is read.
  * @param  hrtc RTC handle
  * @param  sDate Pointer to Date structure
  * @param  Format Specifies the format of the entered parameters.
  *          This parameter can be one of the following values:
  *            @arg RTC_FORMAT_BIN:  Binary data format
  *            @arg RTC_FORMAT_BCD:  BCD data format
  * @retval HAL status
  */
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_RTC_GetDate(RTC_HandleTypeDef *hrtc, RTC_DateTypeDef *sDate, uint32_t Format)

注意：读取日期和时间必须同时使用，且顺序必须为读取时间在前，读取日期在后

HAL_RTC_GetTime(&hrtc, &H_M_S_Time, RTC_FORMAT_BIN);
HAL_RTC_GetDate(&hrtc, &Y_M_D_Date, RTC_FORMAT_BIN);

总结

如果需要使用RTC时钟并在LCD屏上显示出来，则需要先提前定义两个结构体变量，以及一个时间数组，方便后续调用

char TIME_BUFFER[30];
RTC_TimeTypeDef H_M_S_TIME;
RTC_DateTypeDef Y_M_D_DATA;

在while循环中添加以下语句即可在LCD上完成显示

sprintf(TIME_BUFFER,"T:%d-%d-%d,H_M_S_TIME.Hours,H_M_S_TIME.Minutes,H_M_S_TIME.Seconds);
LCD_DisplayStringLine(Line6,(uint8_t*)TIME_BUFFER);