ARM概念梳理:Architecture, Core, CPU,SOC

转自:http://www.wowotech.net/armv8a_arch/arm_concept.html

1.前言

本文简单梳理一下ARM有关的概念,包括ARM architecture、ARM core、ARM CPU(或MCU)以及ARM Soc。我们这些以ARM平台为主的嵌入式工程师,几乎每天都会和这些概念打交道,也似乎非常理解它们。但仔细想想,却有些说不清道不明的感觉,因而有必要整理一下思路,也就顺手记录下来了。

2.概念梳理

1)ARM architecture

ARM architecture,是指ARM公司开发的、基于精简指令集架构(RISC,Reduced Instruction Set Computing architecture)的指令集架构(Instruction set architecture)。我们常说的ARMv7、ARMv8、ARMv8-A,就是指ARM architecture。类似的基于RISC的architecture也有很多,例如MIPS、AVR、Blackfin等等,都是这个概念。

2)ARM core

ARM core是基于ARM architecture开发出来的IP core,它是介于architecture和最终的CPU(MCU)之间的中间产品,这也是ARM商业模式的独特之处。

有两种类型的ARM core:一种是ARM公司自己发布的,如我们耳熟能详的ARM7、ARM9、ARM Cortex M3、ARM Cortex A57等等;另一种是ARM授权其它公司开发的Core,如苹果的A6/A6X等等。下面链接是维基百科上的ARM core的列表,共大家参考:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ARM_microarchitectures

3)ARM CPU(MCU)

其它的芯片厂商,如Phillips、ST、TI等,会基于ARM公司发布的Core,开发自己的ARM处理器,这称作ARM CPU(也可称为MCU)。这些是我们工作过程中接触最多的,如LPCxxxx、STM32xxx、OMAPxxxx、S3Cxxxx等等。

4)ARM Soc

对于一些比较专业的应用场景,如视频、音频等,为了追求更小的size、更低的功耗,厂商会在芯片上,集成除处理器之外的东西,如视频编解码器、DSP等。这些集成了其它功能的芯片,称作片上系统(SOC),如TI的DM37x Video SOC。

注1:其实ARM的技术和商业模式,正体现了软件工程中抽象和封装的思想。

3.ARM 64bit

我们以一款64bit ARM CPU为例,反向阐述一下ARM处理的诞生过程,同时罗列一些学习、研究方向。

1)我们熟悉一个CPU(假设它的型号是WW9000)的第一手资料,是芯片厂家发布的Datasheet,例如WW9000_SPEC.pdf。

2)WW9000是基于ARM Cortex-A57 Core封装而来的,该ARM core的资料可以从下面链接下载

http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0488g/DDI0488G_cortex_a57_mpcore_trm.pdf

3)ARM Cortex-A57 Core又是基于ARMv8-A architecture,该结构的资料可以通过如下方式获取:

Go to ARM Infocenter and navigate through ARM architecture / Reference Manuals

注2:ARM Infocenter中资料是非常全面的,没事时可以多逛逛。

2) Who uses ARM? Currently ARM CPU is licensed and produced by more than 100 companies and is the dominant CPU chip in both cell phones and tablets. Given its RISC architecture and powerful 32-bit instructions set, it can be used for both 8-bit and 32-bit embedded products. The ARM corp. has already defined the 64-bit instruction extension and for that reason many Laptop and Server manufactures are planning to introduce ARM-based Laptop and Servers. 3) Who will use our textbook? The primary audience of our textbook on ARM (ARM Assembly Language Programming & Architecture by Mazidi & Naimi) is undergraduate engineering students in Electrical and Computer Engineering departments. It can also be used by practicing engineers who need to move away from 8- and 16-bit legacy chips such as the 8051, AVR, PIC and HCS08/12 family of microcontrollers to ARM. Designers of the x86-based systems wanting to design ARM-based products can also benefit from this textbook. Table of Contents Chapter 1: The History of ARM and Microcontrollers Chapter 2: ARM Architecture and Assembly Language Programming Chapter 3: Arithmetic and Logic Instructions and Programs Chapter 4: Branch, Call, and Looping in ARM Chapter 5: Signed Numbers and IEEE 754 Floating Point Chapter 6: ARM Memory Map, Memory Access, and Stack Chapter 7: ARM Pipeline and CPU Evolution Appendix A: ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction Description Appendix B: ARM Assembler Directives Appendix C: Macros Appendix D: Flowcharts and Pseudocode Appendix E: Passing Arguments into Functions Appendix F: ASCII Codes
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