【Python】使用itertools.groupby()进行列表的归类和个数统计

一、问题来源

刷题的时候想要快速统计一个列表当中连续出现的元素的个数，除了自己实现之外，想要更快速的方式就百度了一下，查到了itertools模块的groupby方法，挺有意思的，所以做一个记录

二、groupby概述

0、文档介绍

本段下面有总结，不想看的话这里可以跳过
官方文档指路： python中itertools库的官方文档
节选：

itertools.groupby(iterable, key=None)

Make an iterator that returns consecutive keys and groups from the iterable. The key is a function computing a key value for each element. If not specified or is None, key defaults to an identity function and returns the element unchanged. Generally, the iterable needs to already be sorted on the same key function.

The operation of groupby() is similar to the uniq filter in Unix. It generates a break or new group every time the value of the key function changes (which is why it is usually necessary to have sorted the data using the same key function). That behavior differs from SQL’s GROUP BY which aggregates common elements regardless of their input order.

The returned group is itself an iterator that shares the underlying iterable with groupby(). Because the source is shared, when the groupby() object is advanced, the previous group is no longer visible. So, if that data is needed later, it should be stored as a list:

    groups = []
    uniquekeys = []
    data = sorted(data, key=keyfunc)
    for k, g in groupby(data, keyfunc):
        groups.append(list(g))      # Store group iterator as a list
        uniquekeys.append(k)

    groupby() is roughly equivalent to:

    class groupby:
        # [k for k, g in groupby('AAAABBBCCDAABBB')] --> A B C D A B
        # [list(g) for k, g in groupby('AAAABBBCCD')] --> AAAA BBB CC D
        def __init__(self, iterable, key=None):
            if key is None:
                key = lambda x: x
            self.keyfunc = key
            self.it = iter(iterable)
            self.tgtkey = self.currkey = self.currvalue = object()
        def __iter__(self):
            return self
        def __next__(self):
            self.id = object()
            while self.currkey == self.tgtkey:
                self.currvalue = next(self.it)    # Exit on StopIteration
                self.currkey = self.keyfunc(self.currvalue)
            self.tgtkey = self.currkey
            return (self.currkey, self._grouper(self.tgtkey, self.id))
        def _grouper(self, tgtkey, id):
            while self.id is id and self.currkey