题目内容:
class Fruit{ int no; double weight; char key; public: void print() { } virtual void process(){ } }; class Apple: public Fruit{ int size; char type; public: void save() { } virtual void process(){ } };
为上周题目中的 Fruit和Apple 添加 构造函数与 析构函数, 并在构造函数与析构函数中打印控制台信息,
观察构造和析枸调用过程。然后为Apple类重载::operator new和 ::operator delete,在控制台打印信息,并观察调用结果。
答案:
为了文章结构,我把代码放在文章后面,上面写的为代码片段,但为了方便查看运行结果,可以点击括号里面的链接(http://rextester.com/DOLN3287 ),进入后点击"run it"按钮就可以查看结果了
1.子类对象创建时:会先创建父类对象,再创建子类对象(之前讲的装快递的故事)
2.子-类对象销毁时:会先销毁子类对象,再销毁父类对象(之前讲的拆快递的故事)
3.子类的大小 = 父类成员属性的大小 + 虚函数指针(不存在为0Byte) + 子类成员属性的大小
4.子类的内存中包括父类对象(由内存地址相同可知)
5.placement new和placement delete最好能成对出现,除非保证创建对象时不会产生异常
6.placement delete只会在new对象时抛出异常时才会调用,并且是成对调用(形参列表相同)。
7.placement new创建对象如果不抛出异常,不会调用placement delete,而是调用operator new。
8.不成对的placement new和placement delete的时候,如果产生了异常,则无法已经申请的释放空间,会造成内存泄漏。
为了文章结构,我把代码放在文章后面,上面写的为代码片段,但为了方便查看运行结果,可以点击括号里面的链接(http://rextester.com/DOLN3287 ),进入后点击"run it"按钮就可以查看结果了
- Fruit和Apple的UML关系图
测试1: 子父类的构造函数、析构函数的调用情况
-
Fruit构造函数(节选)
..... class Fruit { int no; double weight; char key; public: Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数 ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数 .... void print(); }; .... using namespace std; inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) { //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') { no = rand() % 100; weight = rand() / RAND_MAX; key = rand() % 26 + 97; } //Fruit的构造函数调用打印 printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)"); } ..... inline Fruit::~Fruit() { //析构函数调用时,输出结果 cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl; } ..... inline void Fruit::print() { //对象内容打印 cout << dec << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; } .....
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Apple构造函数(节选)
class Apple : public Fruit { private: int size; char type; public: Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0'); //构造函数 ~Apple(); //析构函数 void print(); ........ }; inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) { //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') { size = rand() % 100; type = rand() % 26 + 97; } //构造函数被调用,打印信息 printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)"); //打印对象信息 print(); } .... inline Apple::~Apple() { //析构函数 printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()"); } ...... inline void Apple::print() { //打印Apple的对象信息 Fruit::print(); cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; }
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测试部分代码
..... inline void printCalled(const string scope, const string functionName) { cout << "\n(" << scope << ") "<< functionName << " has been called\n"; } const string s = "\n\n" + x * 50 + "\n\n"; int mian(){ ..... srand((unsigned) time(NULL)); //在栈里面创建对象的测试 cout << s << "\n" "在栈里面创建对象的测试" << endl; Apple();//临时对象,生命周期仅在这一句,执行完就会弹出栈 ..... } .....
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结果
-
结论
1.子类对象创建时:会先创建父类对象,再创建子类对象(之前讲的装快递的故事)
2.子-类对象销毁时:会先销毁子类对象,再销毁父类对象(之前讲的拆快递的故事)
3.子类的大小 = 父类成员属性的大小 + 虚函数指针(不存在为0) + 子类成员属性的大小
4.子类的内存中包括父类对象(由内存地址相同可知)
测试二:测试operator new(无异常)
-
Fruit代码
class Fruit { int no; double weight; char key; public: Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数 ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Fruit的operator new void operator delete(void* p); //复写Fruit的operator delete void operator delete(void* p, int type); virtual void process() { } void print(); }; using namespace std; inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) { //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') { no = rand() % 100; weight = rand() / RAND_MAX; key = rand() % 26 + 97; } //Fruit的构造函数调用打印 printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)"); //打印Fruit的对象情况 print(); } inline Fruit::~Fruit() { //析构函数调用时,输出结果 cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl; } inline void Fruit::print() { //对象内容打印 cout << dec << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; } inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)"); //释放内存 free(p); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)"); //释放内存 free(p); }
-
Apple代码
class Apple : public Fruit { private: int size; char type; public: Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0'); //构造函数 .... ~Apple(); //析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Apple的operator new void operator delete(void* p); //覆写的Apple的operator delete void print(); .... }; inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) { //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') { size = rand() % 100; type = rand() % 26 + 97; } //构造函数被调用,打印信息 printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)"); //打印对象信息 print(); } inline Apple::~Apple() { //析构函数 printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()"); } inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)"); free(p); }
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测试代码
int main() { srand((unsigned) time(NULL)); ....... //在堆里面创建对象的测试 cout << s << "\n" "通过普通的new,在堆里面创建对象的测试" << endl; Apple* pa = new Apple(); delete pa; }
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运行结果
-
结论
1.operator new 中的参数std::size_t的实参的大小实际为该对象所需的大小
2.调用子类的operator new / operator delete时,并不会调用父类的operate new
/ operator delete
测试三:operator new创建对象产生异常时的处理
- Fruit代码:
class Fruit { int no; double weight; char key; public: Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数 ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Fruit的operator new void operator delete(void* p); //复写Fruit的operator delete void operator delete(void* p, int type); virtual void process() { } void print(); }; using namespace std; inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) { //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') { no = rand() % 100; weight = rand() / RAND_MAX; key = rand() % 26 + 97; } //Fruit的构造函数调用打印 printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)"); //打印Fruit的对象情况 print(); } inline Fruit::~Fruit() { //析构函数调用时,输出结果 cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl; } inline void Fruit::print() { //对象内容打印 cout << dec << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; } inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)"); //释放内存 free(p); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)"); //释放内存 free(p); }
- Apple代码:
class Apple : public Fruit { private: int size; char type; public: Apple(char test); //会抛出异常的构造函数 ~Apple(); //析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Apple的operator new void operator delete(void* p, int type); //覆写的placement delete void print(); void save() { } virtual void process() { } ....... }; inline Apple::Apple(char test) { //有参构造函数调用时打印信息 printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int)"); //抛出自定义异常 throw TestException(); } inline Apple::~Apple() { //析构函数 printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()"); } inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)"); free(p); }
- 测试代码:
int main() { ..... Apple* pa1 = NULL; //测试调用抛出异常的构造函数,重写了operator new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete cout << s << "\n" "测试调用抛出异常的构造函数,重写了operator new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete " << endl; try { pa1 = new Apple('1');// } catch (TestException &e) { cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e; if(pa1) delete pa1; } .... return 0; }
- 运行结果:
- 结论:
1.调用operator new创建对象时,如果创建对象时产生异常,处理异常时delete p;
,会调用operator delete;
来释放申请的内存。
2.自定义异常类对象,会在异常处理完成后被销毁
测试四:placement new处理异常时调用情况
- Fruit代码
class Fruit { int no; double weight; char key; public: Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数 ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Fruit的operator new void operator delete(void* p); //复写Fruit的operator delete void operator delete(void* p, int type); virtual void process() { } void print(); }; using namespace std; inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) { //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') { no = rand() % 100; weight = rand() / RAND_MAX; key = rand() % 26 + 97; } //Fruit的构造函数调用打印 printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)"); //打印Fruit的对象情况 print(); } inline Fruit::~Fruit() { //析构函数调用时,输出结果 cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl; } inline void Fruit::print() { //对象内容打印 cout << dec << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; } inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)"); //释放内存 free(p); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)"); //释放内存 free(p); }
-
Apple代码
class Apple : public Fruit { private: int size; char type; public: Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0'); //构造函数 Apple(char test); //会抛出异常的构造函数 ~Apple(); //析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size, int type); //覆写的Apple的第一个placement new void operator delete(void* p, int type); //覆写的placement delete void print(); void save() { } virtual void process() { } }; inline Apple::Apple(char test) { //有参构造函数调用时打印信息 printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int)"); //抛出自定义异常 throw TestException(); } inline Apple::~Apple() { //析构函数 printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()"); } inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, int type) { //placement new printCalled("Apple placement new <int>", "void* operator new(size_t, int)"); return malloc(size); } inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete //为和此处不可以使用this指针来释放内存空间呢? //this->print();尝试 //如果使用this指针在该出调用,会报错,operator delete会自动转换为static的函数,所以形参列表中必须传入一个指针 printCalled("Apple placement delete <int>", "void operator delete(void*, int)"); free(p); } inline void Apple::print() { //打印Apple的对象信息 Fruit::print(); cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; }
- 测试代码
int main() { ..... Apple* pa2 = NULL; //测试抛出异常的构造函数,重写并调用了placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete cout << s << "\n" "测试抛出异常的构造函数,重写并调用了placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete" << endl; try { pa2 = new (1)Apple('1'); //调用了void* Apple::operator new(size_t, int) } catch (TestException &e) { cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e; if (pa2) delete pa2; } .... return 0; }
- 运行结果
- 结论
1.new对象的时候,如果使用的时候用的是placement new,则处理异常时,会调用对应形参列表的placement delete
测试五:placement new 创建对象时,不产生异常的情况
- Fruit代码
class Fruit { int no; double weight; char key; public: Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数 ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Fruit的operator new void operator delete(void* p); //复写Fruit的operator delete void operator delete(void* p, int type); virtual void process() { } void print(); }; using namespace std; inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) { //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') { no = rand() % 100; weight = rand() / RAND_MAX; key = rand() % 26 + 97; } //Fruit的构造函数调用打印 printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)"); //打印Fruit的对象情况 print(); } inline Fruit::~Fruit() { //析构函数调用时,输出结果 cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl; } inline void Fruit::print() { //对象内容打印 cout << dec << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; } inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)"); //释放内存 free(p); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)"); //释放内存 free(p); }
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Apple代码
class Apple : public Fruit { private: int size; char type; public: Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0'); //构造函数 ~Apple(); //析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Apple的operator new void* operator new(size_t size, int type); //覆写的Apple的第一个placement new void operator delete(void* p); //覆写的Apple的operator delete void operator delete(void* p, int type); //覆写的placement delete void print(); ..... }; inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) { //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') { size = rand() % 100; type = rand() % 26 + 97; } //构造函数被调用,打印信息 printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)"); //打印对象信息 print(); } inline Apple::~Apple() { //析构函数 printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()"); } inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, int type) { //placement new printCalled("Apple placement new <int>", "void* operator new(size_t, int)"); return malloc(size); } inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)"); free(p); } inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete //为和此处不可以使用this指针来释放内存空间呢? //this->print();尝试 //如果使用this指针在该出调用,会报错,operator delete会自动转换为static的函数,所以形参列表中必须传入一个指针 printCalled("Apple placement delete <int>", "void operator delete(void*, int)"); free(p); } inline void Apple::print() { //打印Apple的对象信息 Fruit::print(); cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; }
- 测试代码
int main(){ //测试调用正常的构造函数的过程,使用的是重写的operator new,检测会调用那个delete cout << s << "\n""测试调用正常的构造函数的过程,使用的是重写的operator new,检测会调用那个delete" << endl; Apple* pa3 = new(1)Apple(); delete pa3; return 0; }
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运行结果
-
结论
1.调用placement new来创建对象时,如果没有产生异常,在delete时会调用operator delete
测试六:placement new 创建对象时,没有成对的placement delete的情况
- Fruit代码
class Fruit { int no; double weight; char key; public: Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数 ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Fruit的operator new void operator delete(void* p); //复写Fruit的operator delete void operator delete(void* p, int type); virtual void process() { } void print(); }; using namespace std; inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) { //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') { no = rand() % 100; weight = rand() / RAND_MAX; key = rand() % 26 + 97; } //Fruit的构造函数调用打印 printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)"); //打印Fruit的对象情况 print(); } inline Fruit::~Fruit() { //析构函数调用时,输出结果 cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl; } inline void Fruit::print() { //对象内容打印 cout << dec << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; } inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)"); //释放内存 free(p); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)"); //释放内存 free(p); }
- Apple代码
class Apple : public Fruit { private: int size; char type; public: Apple(char test); //会抛出异常的构造函数 ~Apple(); //析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size, int type); //覆写的Apple的第一个placement new void* operator new(size_t size, char type); //覆写的Apple的第二个placement new(这个一个没有配对的placement delete,为了方便测试内存泄漏情况) void operator delete(void* p); //覆写的Apple的operator delete void operator delete(void* p, int type); //覆写的placement delete void print(); }; inline Apple::Apple(char test) { //有参构造函数调用时打印信息 printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int)"); //抛出自定义异常 throw TestException(); } inline Apple::~Apple() { //析构函数 printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()"); } inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, char type) { //placement new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Apple placement new <char>", "void* operator new(size_t, char)"); return malloc(size); } inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)"); free(p); } inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete //为和此处不可以使用this指针来释放内存空间呢? //this->print();尝试 //如果使用this指针在该出调用,会报错,operator delete会自动转换为static的函数,所以形参列表中必须传入一个指针 printCalled("Apple placement delete <int>", "void operator delete(void*, int)"); free(p); } inline void Apple::print() { //打印Apple的对象信息 Fruit::print(); cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; }
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测试代码
int main(){ return 0; }
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运行结果
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结论
1.如果不存在成对的的placement new和placement delete,那么必须保证, 创建对象时不会产生异常 ,否则就会造成内存泄漏。如果存在产生异常的可能性,placement new和placement delete必须要成对出现。
测试六:Array new测试
- Fruit代码
class Fruit { int no; double weight; char key; public: Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数 ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数 void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Fruit的operator new void operator delete(void* p); //复写Fruit的operator delete void operator delete(void* p, int type); virtual void process() { } void print(); }; using namespace std; inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) { //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') { no = rand() % 100; weight = rand() / RAND_MAX; key = rand() % 26 + 97; } //Fruit的构造函数调用打印 printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)"); //打印Fruit的对象情况 print(); } inline Fruit::~Fruit() { //析构函数调用时,输出结果 cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl; } inline void Fruit::print() { //对象内容打印 cout << dec << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; } inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) { //operator new cout << "size_t = " << size << endl; printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)"); //this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容 //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的 return malloc(size); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) { //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)"); //释放内存 free(p); } inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) { //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息 printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)"); //释放内存 free(p); }
- Apple代码
class Apple : public Fruit { private: int size; char type; public: Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0'); //构造函数 Apple(char test); //会抛出异常的构造函数 ~Apple(); //析构函数 void* operator new[](size_t size); //覆写的Apple的Array new void operator delete[](void* p); //覆写的Array delete void print(); ..... }; inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) { //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容 if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') { size = rand() % 100; type = rand() % 26 + 97; } //构造函数被调用,打印信息 printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)"); //打印对象信息 print(); } inline Apple::~Apple() { //析构函数 printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()"); } inline void* Apple::operator new[](size_t size) { //operator new[] printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)"); return malloc(size); } inline void Apple::operator delete[](void* p) { //array delete printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete[](void*)"); free(p); } inline void Apple::print() { //打印Apple的对象信息 Fruit::print(); cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl; }
- 测试代码
int main(){ //数组测试 cout << s << "\n" "数组测试" << endl; Apple* as1 = new Apple[2]; delete[] as1; return 0; }
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运行结果
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结论
1.对于数组创建,使用array new,会调用构造函数N次
2.对于数组的销毁,使用array delete,会调用其中对象的析构函数N次
- 全部代码
//************************
//************************
//*******自定义异常类******
//************************
//************************
#ifndef TEST_EXCEPTION___
#define TEST_EXCEPTION___
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//自定义异常
class TestException{
public:
//异常构造函数
TestException() {
cout << "TestException() has been called" << endl;
}
//异常的析构函数
~TestException() {
cout << "~TestException() has been called" << endl;
}
};
//打印异常信息
inline ostream& operator<< (ostream &o, const TestException &e) {
o << "TestException\n";
return o;
}
#endif // !TEST_EXCEPTION___
//************************
//************************
//*******Fruit 和Apple****
//************************
//************************
#ifndef __FRUIT__EL___
#define __FRUIT__EL___
#include <iostream>
//#include "TestException.h"
#include <string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
string operator*(string, const int);
inline void printCalled(const string, const string);
extern const string x = "*";
class Fruit {
int no;
double weight;
char key;
public:
Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数
void* operator new(size_t size);
void operator delete(void* p); //复写Fruit的operator delete
void operator delete(void* p, int type);
virtual void process() { }
void print();
};
class Apple : public Fruit {
private:
int size;
char type;
public:
Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0'); //构造函数
Apple(char test); //会抛出异常的构造函数
~Apple(); //析构函数
void* operator new(size_t size); //覆写的Apple的operator new
void* operator new[](size_t size); //覆写的Apple的Array new
void* operator new(size_t size, int type); //覆写的Apple的第一个placement new
void* operator new(size_t size, char type); //覆写的Apple的第二个placement new(这个一个没有配对的placement delete,为了方便测试内存泄漏情况)
void operator delete(void* p); //覆写的Apple的operator delete
void operator delete(void* p, int type); //覆写的placement delete
void operator delete[](void* p); //覆写的Array delete
void print();
void save() { }
virtual void process() { }
};
using namespace std;
inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
//如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
no = rand() % 100;
weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
key = rand() % 26 + 97;
}
//Fruit的构造函数调用打印
printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");
}
inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
//析构函数调用时,输出结果
cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
}
inline void Fruit::print() {
//对象内容打印
cout << dec
<< "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
<< "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
}
inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) {
//operator new
cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)");
//this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static
//如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
//换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
return malloc(size);
}
inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) {
//operator delete被调用时打印调用信息
printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)");
//释放内存
free(p);
}
inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
//placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息
printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)");
//释放内存
free(p);
}
inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) {
//无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容
if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') {
size = rand() % 100;
type = rand() % 26 + 97;
}
//构造函数被调用,打印信息
printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)");
//打印对象信息
print();
}
inline Apple::Apple(char test) {
//有参构造函数调用时打印信息
printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int)");
//抛出自定义异常
throw TestException();
}
inline Apple::~Apple() {
//析构函数
printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
}
inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size) {
//operator new
cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)");
//this->print(); 错误提示:static不能调用non-static
//如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
//换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
return malloc(size);
}
inline void* Apple::operator new[](size_t size) {
//operator new[]
printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new[](size_t)");
return malloc(size);
}
inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, int type) {
//placement new
printCalled("Apple placement new <int>", "void* operator new(size_t, int)");
return malloc(size);
}
inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, char type) {
//placement new
cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
printCalled("Apple placement new <char>", "void* operator new(size_t, char)");
return malloc(size);
}
inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) {
//operator delete
printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)");
free(p);
}
inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
//placement delete
//为和此处不可以使用this指针来释放内存空间呢?
//this->print();尝试
//如果使用this指针在该出调用,会报错,operator delete会自动转换为static的函数,所以形参列表中必须传入一个指针
printCalled("Apple placement delete <int>", "void operator delete(void*, int)");
free(p);
}
inline void Apple::operator delete[](void* p) {
//array delete
printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete[](void*)");
free(p);
}
inline void Apple::print() {
//打印Apple的对象信息
Fruit::print();
cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n"
<< "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
}
inline string operator*(string content,const int count) {
string c = content;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
content += c;
}
return content;
}
inline void printCalled(const string scope, const string functionName) {
cout << "\n(" << scope << ") "<< functionName << " has been called\n";
}
#endif // !__FRUIT__EL___
const string s = "\n\n" + x * 50 + "\n\n";
int main()
{
srand((unsigned) time(NULL));
//在栈里面创建对象的测试
cout << s << "\n" "在栈里面创建对象的测试" << endl;
Apple();//临时对象,生命周期仅在这一句,执行完就会弹出栈
cout << x * 50 << "\n\n\n";
//在堆里面创建对象的测试
cout << s << "\n" "通过普通的new,在堆里面创建对象的测试" << endl;
Apple* pa = new Apple();
delete pa;
Apple* pa1 = NULL, *pa2 = NULL;
//测试调用抛出异常的构造函数,重写了operator new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete
cout << s << "\n" "测试调用抛出异常的构造函数,重写了operator new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete " << endl;
try {
pa1 = new Apple('1');
}
catch (TestException &e) {
cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e;
if(pa1)
delete pa1;
}
//测试抛出异常的构造函数,重写并调用了placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete
cout << s << "\n" "测试抛出异常的构造函数,重写并调用了placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete" << endl;
try {
pa2 = new (1)Apple('1');
}
catch (TestException &e) {
cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e;
if (pa2)
delete pa2;
}
//测试调用一个不成对的placement new,会调用那个delete
cout << s << "\n" "测试调用一个不成对的placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete" << endl;
try {
pa2 = new ('1')Apple('1');
}
catch (TestException &e) {
cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e;
if (pa2)
delete pa2;
}
//测试调用正常的构造函数的过程,使用的是重写的operator new,检测会调用那个delete
cout << s << "\n""测试调用正常的构造函数的过程,使用的是重写的operator new,检测会调用那个delete" << endl;
Apple* pa3 = new(1)Apple();
delete pa3;
//数组测试
cout << s << "\n" "数组测试" << endl;
Apple* as1 = new Apple[2];
delete[] as1;
return 0;
}