(Boolan)详解 C++ Operator new\delete、placement new\delete、Array new\delete

题目内容:

class Fruit{
int no;
double weight;
char key;
public:
void print() {   }
virtual void process(){   }
};

class Apple: public Fruit{
int size;
char type;
public:
void save() {   }
virtual void process(){   }
};

为上周题目中的 Fruit和Apple 添加 构造函数与 析构函数, 并在构造函数与析构函数中打印控制台信息,
观察构造和析枸调用过程。然后为Apple类重载::operator new和 ::operator delete,在控制台打印信息,并观察调用结果。

答案:


为了文章结构,我把代码放在文章后面,上面写的为代码片段,但为了方便查看运行结果,可以点击括号里面的链接(http://rextester.com/DOLN3287 ),进入后点击"run it"按钮就可以查看结果了



父类和子类的关系
1.子类对象创建时:会先创建父类对象,再创建子类对象(之前讲的装快递的故事)
2.子-类对象销毁时:会先销毁子类对象,再销毁父类对象(之前讲的拆快递的故事)
3.子类的大小 = 父类成员属性的大小 + 虚函数指针(不存在为0Byte) + 子类成员属性的大小
4.子类的内存中包括父类对象(由内存地址相同可知)
5.placement new和placement delete最好能成对出现,除非保证创建对象时不会产生异常
6.placement delete只会在new对象时抛出异常时才会调用,并且是成对调用(形参列表相同)。
7.placement new创建对象如果不抛出异常,不会调用placement delete,而是调用operator new。
8.不成对的placement new和placement delete的时候,如果产生了异常,则无法已经申请的释放空间,会造成内存泄漏。

为了文章结构,我把代码放在文章后面,上面写的为代码片段,但为了方便查看运行结果,可以点击括号里面的链接(http://rextester.com/DOLN3287 ),进入后点击"run it"按钮就可以查看结果了


  • Fruit和Apple的UML关系图

    UML

测试1: 子父类的构造函数、析构函数的调用情况

  • Fruit构造函数(节选)

    .....
    class Fruit {
      int no;
      double weight;
      char key;
    public:
      Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
      ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数
          ....
      void print();
    };
    ....
    using namespace std;
    inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
      //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
          no = rand() % 100;
          weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
          key = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //Fruit的构造函数调用打印
      printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");    
    }
    .....
    inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
      //析构函数调用时,输出结果
      cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
    }
    .....
    inline void Fruit::print() {
      //对象内容打印
      cout << dec 
          << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
    .....
  • Apple构造函数(节选)

    class Apple : public Fruit {
    private:
      int size;
      char type;
    public:
      Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0');    //构造函数
      ~Apple();            //析构函数
      void print();
          ........
    };
    inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) {
      //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') {
          size = rand() % 100;
          type = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //构造函数被调用,打印信息
      printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)");
      //打印对象信息
      print();
    }
    ....
    inline Apple::~Apple() {
      //析构函数
      printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
    }
    ......
    inline void Apple::print() {
      //打印Apple的对象信息
      Fruit::print();
      cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" 
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
  • 测试部分代码

    .....
    inline void printCalled(const string scope, const string functionName) {
      cout << "\n(" << scope << ")    "<<  functionName << " has been called\n";
    }
    const string s = "\n\n" + x * 50 + "\n\n";
    int mian(){
    .....
    srand((unsigned) time(NULL));
      //在栈里面创建对象的测试
      cout << s << "\n" "在栈里面创建对象的测试" << endl;
      Apple();//临时对象,生命周期仅在这一句,执行完就会弹出栈
    .....
    }
    .....
  • 结果


    在栈中创建对象
  • 结论
    1.子类对象创建时:会先创建父类对象,再创建子类对象(之前讲的装快递的故事)
    2.子-类对象销毁时:会先销毁子类对象,再销毁父类对象(之前讲的拆快递的故事)
    3.子类的大小 = 父类成员属性的大小 + 虚函数指针(不存在为0) + 子类成员属性的大小
    4.子类的内存中包括父类对象(由内存地址相同可知)


测试二:测试operator new(无异常)

  • Fruit代码

    class Fruit {
      int no;
      double weight;
      char key;
    public:
      Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
      ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数
    
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Fruit的operator new
    
      void operator delete(void* p);    //复写Fruit的operator delete
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);
    
      virtual void process() {   }
      void print();
    };
    using namespace std;
    inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
      //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
          no = rand() % 100;
          weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
          key = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //Fruit的构造函数调用打印
      printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");
    
      //打印Fruit的对象情况
      print();
    }
    inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
      //析构函数调用时,输出结果
      cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
    }
    inline void Fruit::print() {
      //对象内容打印
      cout << dec 
          << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
    inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
  • Apple代码

    class Apple : public Fruit {
    private:
      int size;
      char type;
    public:
      Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0');    //构造函数
          ....
      ~Apple();            //析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Apple的operator new
      void operator delete(void* p);        //覆写的Apple的operator delete
    
      void print();
      ....
    };
    inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) {
      //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') {
          size = rand() % 100;
          type = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //构造函数被调用,打印信息
      printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)");
      //打印对象信息
      print();
    }
    inline Apple::~Apple() {
      //析构函数
      printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
    }
    inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete
      printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)");
      free(p);
    }
  • 测试代码

    int main()
    {
      srand((unsigned) time(NULL));
      .......
    
      //在堆里面创建对象的测试
      cout << s << "\n" "通过普通的new,在堆里面创建对象的测试" << endl;
      Apple* pa = new Apple();
      delete pa;
    }
  • 运行结果


    operator new测试
  • 结论
    1.operator new 中的参数std::size_t的实参的大小实际为该对象所需的大小
    2.调用子类的operator new / operator delete时,并不会调用父类的operate new
    / operator delete


测试三:operator new创建对象产生异常时的处理

  • Fruit代码:
    class Fruit {
      int no;
      double weight;
      char key;
    public:
      Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
      ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Fruit的operator new
      void operator delete(void* p);    //复写Fruit的operator delete
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);
      virtual void process() {   }
      void print();
    };
    using namespace std;
    inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
      //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
          no = rand() % 100;
          weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
          key = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //Fruit的构造函数调用打印
      printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");
      //打印Fruit的对象情况
      print();
    }
    inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
      //析构函数调用时,输出结果
      cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
    }
    inline void Fruit::print() {
      //对象内容打印
      cout << dec 
          << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
    inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
  • Apple代码:
    class Apple : public Fruit {
    private:
      int size;
      char type;
    public:
      Apple(char test);    //会抛出异常的构造函数
      ~Apple();            //析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Apple的operator new
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);    //覆写的placement delete
      void print();
      void save() {   }
      virtual void process() {   }
    .......
    };
    inline Apple::Apple(char test) {
      //有参构造函数调用时打印信息
      printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int)");
      //抛出自定义异常
      throw TestException();
    }
    inline Apple::~Apple() {
      //析构函数
      printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
    }
    inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete
      printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)");
      free(p);
    }
  • 测试代码:
    int main()
    {
    .....
    Apple* pa1 = NULL;
    //测试调用抛出异常的构造函数,重写了operator new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete 
      cout << s << "\n" "测试调用抛出异常的构造函数,重写了operator new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete " << endl;
      try {
          pa1 = new Apple('1');//
      }
      catch (TestException &e) {
          cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e;
          if(pa1)
              delete pa1;
      }
    ....
      return 0;
    }
  • 运行结果:

operator new的异常处理
  • 结论:
    1.调用operator new创建对象时,如果创建对象时产生异常,处理异常时delete p;,会调用operator delete;来释放申请的内存。
    2.自定义异常类对象,会在异常处理完成后被销毁

测试四:placement new处理异常时调用情况

  • Fruit代码
    class Fruit {
      int no;
      double weight;
      char key;
    public:
      Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
      ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Fruit的operator new
      void operator delete(void* p);    //复写Fruit的operator delete
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);
      virtual void process() {   }
      void print();
    };
    using namespace std;
    inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
      //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
          no = rand() % 100;
          weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
          key = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //Fruit的构造函数调用打印
      printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");
      //打印Fruit的对象情况
      print();
    }
    inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
      //析构函数调用时,输出结果
      cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
    }
    inline void Fruit::print() {
      //对象内容打印
      cout << dec 
          << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
    inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
  • Apple代码

    class Apple : public Fruit {
    private:
      int size;
      char type;
    public:
      Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0');    //构造函数
      Apple(char test);    //会抛出异常的构造函数
      ~Apple();            //析构函数
    
      void* operator new(size_t size, int type);    //覆写的Apple的第一个placement new
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);    //覆写的placement delete
      void print();
      void save() {   }
      virtual void process() {   }
    };
    inline Apple::Apple(char test) {
      //有参构造函数调用时打印信息
      printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int)");
      //抛出自定义异常
      throw TestException();
    }
    inline Apple::~Apple() {
      //析构函数
      printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
    }
    inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, int type) {
      //placement new 
      printCalled("Apple placement new  <int>", "void* operator new(size_t, int)");
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete
      //为和此处不可以使用this指针来释放内存空间呢?
      //this->print();尝试
      //如果使用this指针在该出调用,会报错,operator delete会自动转换为static的函数,所以形参列表中必须传入一个指针
      printCalled("Apple placement delete <int>", "void operator delete(void*, int)");
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Apple::print() {
      //打印Apple的对象信息
      Fruit::print();
      cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" 
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
  • 测试代码
    int main()
    {
    .....
      Apple* pa2 = NULL;
    //测试抛出异常的构造函数,重写并调用了placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete
      cout << s << "\n" "测试抛出异常的构造函数,重写并调用了placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete" << endl;
      try {
          pa2 = new (1)Apple('1');  //调用了void* Apple::operator new(size_t, int)
      }
      catch (TestException &e) {
          cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e;
          if (pa2)
              delete pa2;
      }
    ....
      return 0;
    }
  • 运行结果

    operator new的异常处理
  • 结论
    1.new对象的时候,如果使用的时候用的是placement new,则处理异常时,会调用对应形参列表的placement delete

测试五:placement new 创建对象时,不产生异常的情况

  • Fruit代码
    class Fruit {
      int no;
      double weight;
      char key;
    public:
      Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
      ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Fruit的operator new
      void operator delete(void* p);    //复写Fruit的operator delete
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);
      virtual void process() {   }
      void print();
    };
    using namespace std;
    inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
      //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
          no = rand() % 100;
          weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
          key = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //Fruit的构造函数调用打印
      printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");
      //打印Fruit的对象情况
      print();
    }
    inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
      //析构函数调用时,输出结果
      cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
    }
    inline void Fruit::print() {
      //对象内容打印
      cout << dec 
          << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
    inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
  • Apple代码

    class Apple : public Fruit {
    private:
      int size;
      char type;
    public:
      Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0');    //构造函数
      ~Apple();            //析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Apple的operator new
      void* operator new(size_t size, int type);    //覆写的Apple的第一个placement new
    
      void operator delete(void* p);        //覆写的Apple的operator delete
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);    //覆写的placement delete
      void print();
    .....
    };
    inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) {
      //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') {
          size = rand() % 100;
          type = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //构造函数被调用,打印信息
      printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)");
      //打印对象信息
      print();
    }
    inline Apple::~Apple() {
      //析构函数
      printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
    }
    inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, int type) {
      //placement new 
      printCalled("Apple placement new  <int>", "void* operator new(size_t, int)");
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete
      printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)");
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete
      //为和此处不可以使用this指针来释放内存空间呢?
      //this->print();尝试
      //如果使用this指针在该出调用,会报错,operator delete会自动转换为static的函数,所以形参列表中必须传入一个指针
      printCalled("Apple placement delete <int>", "void operator delete(void*, int)");
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Apple::print() {
      //打印Apple的对象信息
      Fruit::print();
      cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" 
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
  • 测试代码
    int main(){
      //测试调用正常的构造函数的过程,使用的是重写的operator new,检测会调用那个delete
      cout << s << "\n""测试调用正常的构造函数的过程,使用的是重写的operator new,检测会调用那个delete" << endl;
      Apple* pa3 = new(1)Apple();
      delete pa3;
      return 0;
    }
  • 运行结果


    使用placement new创建对象不产生异常的结果
  • 结论
    1.调用placement new来创建对象时,如果没有产生异常,在delete时会调用operator delete


测试六:placement new 创建对象时,没有成对的placement delete的情况

  • Fruit代码
    class Fruit {
      int no;
      double weight;
      char key;
    public:
      Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
      ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Fruit的operator new
      void operator delete(void* p);    //复写Fruit的operator delete
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);
      virtual void process() {   }
      void print();
    };
    using namespace std;
    inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
      //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
          no = rand() % 100;
          weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
          key = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //Fruit的构造函数调用打印
      printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");
      //打印Fruit的对象情况
      print();
    }
    inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
      //析构函数调用时,输出结果
      cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
    }
    inline void Fruit::print() {
      //对象内容打印
      cout << dec 
          << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
    inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
  • Apple代码
    class Apple : public Fruit {
    private:
      int size;
      char type;
    public:
      Apple(char test);    //会抛出异常的构造函数
      ~Apple();            //析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size, int type);    //覆写的Apple的第一个placement new
      void* operator new(size_t size, char type);    //覆写的Apple的第二个placement new(这个一个没有配对的placement delete,为了方便测试内存泄漏情况)
      void operator delete(void* p);        //覆写的Apple的operator delete
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);    //覆写的placement delete
      void print();
    };
    inline Apple::Apple(char test) {
      //有参构造函数调用时打印信息
      printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int)");
      //抛出自定义异常
      throw TestException();
    }
    inline Apple::~Apple() {
      //析构函数
      printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
    }
    inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, char type) {
      //placement new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Apple placement new <char>", "void* operator new(size_t, char)");
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete
      printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)");
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete
      //为和此处不可以使用this指针来释放内存空间呢?
      //this->print();尝试
      //如果使用this指针在该出调用,会报错,operator delete会自动转换为static的函数,所以形参列表中必须传入一个指针
      printCalled("Apple placement delete <int>", "void operator delete(void*, int)");
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Apple::print() {
      //打印Apple的对象信息
      Fruit::print();
      cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" 
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
  • 测试代码

    int main(){
    
      return 0;
    }
  • 运行结果


    不成对的placement new被调用还产生了异常
  • 结论
    1.如果不存在成对的的placement new和placement delete,那么必须保证, 创建对象时不会产生异常 ,否则就会造成内存泄漏。如果存在产生异常的可能性,placement new和placement delete必须要成对出现。


测试六:Array new测试

  • Fruit代码
    class Fruit {
      int no;
      double weight;
      char key;
    public:
      Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
      ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数
      void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Fruit的operator new
      void operator delete(void* p);    //复写Fruit的operator delete
      void operator delete(void* p, int type);
      virtual void process() {   }
      void print();
    };
    using namespace std;
    inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
      //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
          no = rand() % 100;
          weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
          key = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //Fruit的构造函数调用打印
      printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");
      //打印Fruit的对象情况
      print();
    }
    inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
      //析构函数调用时,输出结果
      cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
    }
    inline void Fruit::print() {
      //对象内容打印
      cout << dec 
          << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
    inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) {
      //operator new
      cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
      //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
      //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) {
      //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
      //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息
      printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)");
      //释放内存
      free(p);
    }
  • Apple代码
    class Apple : public Fruit {
    private:
      int size;
      char type;
    public:
      Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0');    //构造函数
      Apple(char test);    //会抛出异常的构造函数
      ~Apple();            //析构函数
      void* operator new[](size_t size);    //覆写的Apple的Array new
      void operator delete[](void* p);    //覆写的Array delete
      void print();
    .....
    };
    inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) {
      //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容
      if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') {
          size = rand() % 100;
          type = rand() % 26 + 97;
      }
      //构造函数被调用,打印信息
      printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)");
      //打印对象信息
      print();
    }
    inline Apple::~Apple() {
      //析构函数
      printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
    }
    inline void* Apple::operator new[](size_t size) {
      //operator new[]
      printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)");
      return malloc(size);
    }
    inline     void Apple::operator delete[](void* p) {
      //array delete
      printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete[](void*)");
      free(p);
    }
    inline void Apple::print() {
      //打印Apple的对象信息
      Fruit::print();
      cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" 
          << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
    }
  • 测试代码
    int main(){
      //数组测试
      cout << s << "\n" "数组测试" << endl;
      Apple* as1 = new Apple[2];
      delete[] as1;
      return 0;
    }
  • 运行结果


    Array new创建和销毁的情况
  • 结论
    1.对于数组创建,使用array new,会调用构造函数N次
    2.对于数组的销毁,使用array delete,会调用其中对象的析构函数N次


  • 全部代码
//************************
//************************
//*******自定义异常类******
//************************
//************************
#ifndef TEST_EXCEPTION___
#define TEST_EXCEPTION___
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//自定义异常
class TestException{
public:
    //异常构造函数
    TestException() {
        cout << "TestException() has been called" << endl;
    }
    //异常的析构函数
    ~TestException() {
        cout << "~TestException() has been called" << endl;
    }

};

//打印异常信息
inline ostream& operator<< (ostream &o, const TestException &e) {
    o << "TestException\n";
    return o;
}

#endif // !TEST_EXCEPTION___

//************************
//************************
//*******Fruit 和Apple****
//************************
//************************

#ifndef __FRUIT__EL___
#define __FRUIT__EL___

#include <iostream>
//#include "TestException.h"
#include <string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>

string operator*(string, const int);
inline void printCalled(const string, const string);
extern const string x = "*";

class Fruit {
    int no;
    double weight;
    char key;
public:
    Fruit(int n = 0, double w = 0., char k = '0');//Fruit类构造函数
    ~Fruit();//Fruit的析构函数

    void* operator new(size_t size);

    void operator delete(void* p);    //复写Fruit的operator delete
    void operator delete(void* p, int type);

    virtual void process() {   }
    void print();
};



class Apple : public Fruit {
private:
    int size;
    char type;
public:
    Apple(int n = 0, double w = 0, char k = '0', int s = 0, char t = '0');    //构造函数
    Apple(char test);    //会抛出异常的构造函数
    ~Apple();            //析构函数

    void* operator new(size_t size);    //覆写的Apple的operator new
    void* operator new[](size_t size);    //覆写的Apple的Array new
    void* operator new(size_t size, int type);    //覆写的Apple的第一个placement new
    void* operator new(size_t size, char type);    //覆写的Apple的第二个placement new(这个一个没有配对的placement delete,为了方便测试内存泄漏情况)


    void operator delete(void* p);        //覆写的Apple的operator delete
    void operator delete(void* p, int type);    //覆写的placement delete

    void operator delete[](void* p);    //覆写的Array delete

    void print();
    void save() {   }
    virtual void process() {   }
};


using namespace std;
inline Fruit::Fruit(int n, double w, char k) :no(n), weight(w), key(k) {
    //如果为无参调用,随机生成Fruit中间的参数
    if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0') {
        no = rand() % 100;
        weight = rand() / RAND_MAX;
        key = rand() % 26 + 97;
    }
    //Fruit的构造函数调用打印
    printCalled("Fruit", "Fruit(int, double, char)");

}
inline Fruit::~Fruit() {
    //析构函数调用时,输出结果
    cout << dec << "\nThe object Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ") has been deconstructed" << endl;
}

inline void Fruit::print() {
    //对象内容打印
    cout << dec 
        << "Fruit(" << no << ", " << weight << ", " << key << ")\n"
        << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
}

inline void* Fruit::operator new(size_t size) {
    //operator new
    cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
    printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)");

    //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
    //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
    //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的

    return malloc(size);
}

inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p) {
    //operator delete被调用时打印调用信息
    printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*)");
    //释放内存
    free(p);
}

inline void Fruit::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
    //placement delete 被调用时打印调用信息
    printCalled("Fruit", "void* operator delete(void*, int)");
    //释放内存
    free(p);
}

inline Apple::Apple(int n, double w, char k, int s, char t) :Fruit(n, w, k), size(s), type(t) {
    //无参调用Apple的构造函数,会随机生成内容
    if (n == 0 && w == 0. && k == '0' && s == 0 && t == '0') {
        size = rand() % 100;
        type = rand() % 26 + 97;
    }
    //构造函数被调用,打印信息
    printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int, double, char, int, char)");
    //打印对象信息
    print();
}

inline Apple::Apple(char test) {
    //有参构造函数调用时打印信息
    printCalled("Apple", "Apple(int)");
    //抛出自定义异常
    throw TestException();
}

inline Apple::~Apple() {
    //析构函数
    printCalled("Apple", "~Apple()");
}

inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size) {
    //operator new
    cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
    printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new(size_t)");

    //this->print();    错误提示:static不能调用non-static
    //如果使用this指针在该处调用,会报错,operator new会自动转换为static的函数,仅用于分配空间,不会修改对象的内容
    //换而言之,此时对象还尚未创建完成,仅仅分配了内存空间,所以this指针存在也是不可能的

    return malloc(size);
}

inline void* Apple::operator new[](size_t size) {
    //operator new[]
    printCalled("Apple", "void* operator new[](size_t)");
    return malloc(size);
}

inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, int type) {
    //placement new 
    printCalled("Apple placement new  <int>", "void* operator new(size_t, int)");
    return malloc(size);
}

inline void* Apple::operator new(size_t size, char type) {
    //placement new
    cout << "size_t = " << size << endl;
    printCalled("Apple placement new <char>", "void* operator new(size_t, char)");

    return malloc(size);
}

inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p) {
    //operator delete
    printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete(void*)");
    free(p);
}

inline void Apple::operator delete(void* p, int type) {
    //placement delete
    //为和此处不可以使用this指针来释放内存空间呢?
    //this->print();尝试
    //如果使用this指针在该出调用,会报错,operator delete会自动转换为static的函数,所以形参列表中必须传入一个指针
    printCalled("Apple placement delete <int>", "void operator delete(void*, int)");
    free(p);
}

inline     void Apple::operator delete[](void* p) {
    //array delete
    printCalled("Apple", "void operator delete[](void*)");
    free(p);
}


inline void Apple::print() {
    //打印Apple的对象信息
    Fruit::print();
    cout << dec << "\nApple (" << size << ", " << type << ")\n" 
        << "size = " << sizeof(*this) << ", " << "address = 0x" << hex << this << endl;
}


inline string operator*(string content,const int count) {
    string c = content;
    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        content += c;
    }
    return content;
}

inline void printCalled(const string scope, const string functionName) {
    cout << "\n(" << scope << ")    "<<  functionName << " has been called\n";
}
#endif // !__FRUIT__EL___

const string s = "\n\n" + x * 50 + "\n\n";
int main()
{
    srand((unsigned) time(NULL));
    //在栈里面创建对象的测试
    cout << s << "\n" "在栈里面创建对象的测试" << endl;
    Apple();//临时对象,生命周期仅在这一句,执行完就会弹出栈

    cout << x * 50 << "\n\n\n";

    //在堆里面创建对象的测试
    cout << s << "\n" "通过普通的new,在堆里面创建对象的测试" << endl;
    Apple* pa = new Apple();
    delete pa;    

    Apple* pa1 = NULL, *pa2 = NULL;

    //测试调用抛出异常的构造函数,重写了operator new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete 
    cout << s << "\n" "测试调用抛出异常的构造函数,重写了operator new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete " << endl;
    try {
        pa1 = new Apple('1');
    }
    catch (TestException &e) {
        cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e;
        if(pa1)
            delete pa1;
    }

    //测试抛出异常的构造函数,重写并调用了placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete
    cout << s << "\n" "测试抛出异常的构造函数,重写并调用了placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete" << endl;
    try {
        pa2 = new (1)Apple('1');
    }
    catch (TestException &e) {
        cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e;
        if (pa2)
            delete pa2;
    }

    //测试调用一个不成对的placement new,会调用那个delete
    cout << s << "\n" "测试调用一个不成对的placement new,检测抛出异常后,会调用哪个delete" << endl;
    try {
        pa2 = new ('1')Apple('1');    
    }
    catch (TestException &e) {
        cout << "\nexception catched\n" << e;
        if (pa2)
            delete pa2;
    }

    //测试调用正常的构造函数的过程,使用的是重写的operator new,检测会调用那个delete
    cout << s << "\n""测试调用正常的构造函数的过程,使用的是重写的operator new,检测会调用那个delete" << endl;
    Apple* pa3 = new(1)Apple();
    delete pa3;

    //数组测试
    cout << s << "\n" "数组测试" << endl;
    Apple* as1 = new Apple[2];
    delete[] as1;



    return 0;
}
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