SymPy学习之Matrices (linear algebra)

Creating Matrices

>>> from sympy.interactive.printing import init_printing
>>> init_printing(use_unicode=False, wrap_line=False, no_global=True)
>>> from sympy.matrices import Matrix, eye, zeros, ones, diag, GramSchmidt
#构造完整矩阵
>>> M = Matrix([[1,0,0], [0,0,0]]); M
[1 0 0]
[     ]
[0 0 0]
#为矩阵添加行
>>> Matrix([M, (0, 0, -1)])
[1 0 0 ]
[      ]
[0 0 0 ]
[      ]
[0 0 -1]
#构造行矩阵
>>> Matrix([[1, 2, 3]])
[1 2 3]
#构造列矩阵
>>> Matrix([1, 2, 3])
[1]
[ ]
[2]
[ ]
[3]
#用列表构造指定形状矩阵
>>> Matrix(2, 3, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
[1 2 3]
[     ]
[4 5 6]
#用函数构造矩阵
>>> def f(i,j):
... if i == j:
... return 1
... else:
... return 0
...
>>> Matrix(4, 4, f)
[1 0 0 0]
[       ]
[0 1 0 0]
[       ]
[0 0 1 0]
[       ]
[0 0 0 1]
#lambda函数构造矩阵
>>> Matrix(3, 4, lambda i,j: 1 - (i+j) % 2)
[1 0 1 0]
[       ]
[0 1 0 1]
[       ]
[1 0 1 0]
#构造单位矩阵
>>> eye(4)
[1 0 0 0]
[       ]
[0 1 0 0]
[       ]
[0 0 1 0]
[       ]
[0 0 0 1]
#构造全零方阵
>>> zeros(2)
[0 0]
[   ]
[0 0]
#构造指定形状的矩阵
>>> zeros(2, 5)
[0 0 0 0 0]
[         ]
[0 0 0 0 0]
#构造全一矩阵
>>> ones(3)
[1 1 1]
[     ]
[1 1 1]
[     ]
[1 1 1]
#构造指定形状的全一矩阵
>>> ones(1, 3)
[1 1 1]
#构造对角矩阵
>>> diag(1, Matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]]))
[1 0 0]
[     ]
[0 1 2]
[     ]
[0 3 4]

Basic Manipulation

>>> M = Matrix(2, 3, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
#当成一维数组访问
>>> M[4]
5
#通过具体下标访问
>>> M[1, 2]
6
>>> M[0, 0]
1
>>> M[1, 1]
5
#切片操作，第一个参数为行数，第二个参数为列数，取不到较大值
>>> M[0:2, 0:2]
[1 2]
[   ]
[4 5]
>>> M[2:2, 2]
[]
>>> M[:, 2]
[3]
[ ]
[6]
>>> M[:1, 2]
[3]
#无法访问不存在的数据，除非切片（返回空值）
>>> M[:, 10] # the 10-th column (not there)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: Index out of range: a[[0, 10]]
>>> M[:, 10:11] # the 10-th column (if there)
[]
>>> M[:, :10] # all columns up to the 10-th
[1 2 3]
[ ]
[4 5 6]
#切片方式访问空值
>>> Matrix(0, 3, [])[:, 1]
[]
#切片复制了一个新的矩阵，直接赋值只是重复引用旧的矩阵
>>> M2 = M[:, :]
>>> M2[0, 0] = 100
>>> M[0, 0] == 100
False
>>> M2 = M
>>> M2[0, 0] = 100
>>> M[0, 0] == 100
True
#对切片赋值
>>> M = Matrix(([1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8],[9,10,11,12],[13,14,15,16]))
>>> M[2:,2:] = Matrix(2,2,lambda i,j: 0)
>>> M
[1  2  3 4]
[         ]
[5  6  7 8]
[         ]
[9  10 0 0]
[         ]
[13 14 0 0]
#矩阵的加减乘乘方操作
>>> M = Matrix(([1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]))
>>> M - M
[0 0 0]
[     ]
[0 0 0]
[     ]
[0 0 0]
>>> M + M
[2  4  6 ]
[        ]
[8  10 12]
[        ]
[14 16 18]
>>> M * M
[30  36  42 ]
[           ]
[66  81  96 ]
[           ]
[102 126 150]
>>> M2 = Matrix(3,1,[1,5,0])
>>> M*M2
[11]
[  ]
[29]
[  ]
[47]
>>> M**2
[30  36  42 ]
[           ]
[66  81  96 ]
[           ]
[102 126 150]
#删除矩阵的行列
>>> M.row_del(0)
>>> M
[4 5 6]
[     ]
[7 8 9]
>>> M.col_del(1)
>>> M
[4 6]
[   ]
[7 9]
>>> v1 = Matrix([1,2,3])
>>> v2 = Matrix([4,5,6])
#向量积
>>> v3 = v1.cross(v2)
#标量积
>>> v1.dot(v2)
32
>>> v2.dot(v3)
0
>>> v1.dot(v3)
0
#增加行
>>> M1 = eye(3)
>>> M2 = zeros(3, 4)
>>> M1.row_join(M2)
[1 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[             ]
[0 1 0 0 0 0 0]
[             ]
[0 0 1 0 0 0 0]
>>> M3 = zeros(4, 3)
#增加列
>>> M1.col_join(M3)
[1 0 0]
[     ]
[0 1 0]
[     ]
[0 0 1]
[     ]
[0 0 0]
[     ]
[0 0 0]
[     ]
[0 0 0]
[     ]
[0 0 0]

Operations on entries

#常数乘矩阵
>>> M = eye(3)
>>> 2*M
[2  0  0]
[       ]
[0  2  0]
[       ]
[0  0  2]
>>> 3*M
[3  0  0]
[       ]
[0  3  0]
[       ]
[0  0  3]
#对矩阵元素应用函数
>>> f = lambda x: 2*x
>>> eye(3).applyfunc(f)
[2 0 0]
[     ]
[0 2 0]
[     ]
[0 0 2]
#subs对矩阵元素进行替换
>>> from sympy import Symbol
>>> x = Symbol('x')
>>> M = eye(3) * x
>>> M
[x 0 0]
[     ]
[0 x 0]
[     ]
[0 0 x]
>>> M.subs(x, 4)
[4 0 0]
[     ]
[0 4 0]
[     ]
[0 0 4]
>>> y = Symbol('y')
>>> M.subs(x, y)
[y 0 0]
[     ]
[0 y 0]
[     ]
[0 0 y]

Linear algebra

#计算矩阵行列式
>>> M = Matrix(( [1, 2, 3], [3, 6, 2], [2, 0, 1] ))
>>> M.det()
-28
>>> M2 = eye(3)
>>> M2.det()
1
>>> M3 = Matrix(( [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0] ))
>>> M3.det()
0
#矩阵求逆
>>> M.inv(method="LU")
[-3/14 1/14 1/2 ]
[               ]
[-1/28 5/28 -1/4]
[               ]
[ 3/7  -1/7  0  ]
>>> M * M.inv(method="LU")
[1 0 0]
[     ]
[0 1 0]
[     ]
[0 0 1]
#LUsolve解方程
>>> A = Matrix([ [2, 3, 5], [3, 6, 2], [8, 3, 6] ])
>>> x = Matrix(3,1,[3,7,5])
>>> b = A*x
>>> soln = A.LUsolve(b)
>>> soln
[3]
[ ]
[7]
[ ]
[5]

sympy.matrices.dense.randMatrix(r, c=None, min=0, max=99, seed=None, symmetric=False, percent=100, prng=None)

>>> from sympy.matrices import randMatrix
>>> randMatrix(3) 
[25, 45, 27]
[44, 54,  9]
[23, 96, 46]
>>> randMatrix(3, 2) 
[87, 29]
[23, 37]
[90, 26]
>>> randMatrix(3, 3, 0, 2) 
[0, 2, 0]
[2, 0, 1]
[0, 0, 1]
>>> randMatrix(3, symmetric=True) 
[85, 26, 29]
[26, 71, 43]
[29, 43, 57]
>>> A = randMatrix(3, seed=1)
>>> B = randMatrix(3, seed=2)
>>> A == B 
False
>>> A == randMatrix(3, seed=1)
True
>>> randMatrix(3, symmetric=True, percent=50) 
[0, 68, 43]
[0, 68,  0]
[0, 91, 34]