python实用教程（六）：文件处理、异常捕获

11. 文件读写

#例1

with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object: #open()将返回一个表示文件pi_digits.txt的对象

    contents = file_object.read() #用read()读取文件的全部内容，且解读为字符串

print(contents)

#相对路径

with open('text_files\pi_digits.txt') as file_object: #假设文件在text_files文件夹中

    for line in file_object:  #逐行读取

        print(line.rstrip())  #删除右端空格

#绝对路径

file_path = r'C:\Users\Xlh\Desktop\Python学习\text_files\pi_digits.txt'

#其中r是为了避免反斜杠被视为转义符

with open(file_path) as file_object:

    lines = file_object.readlines() #lines是个列表

pi_string = ''

for line in lines:

    pi_string += line.strip() #删除两端空格

    print(pi_string)

#例2

filename = "programming.txt"

with open(filename,'w') as file_object: #以写入模式打开文件，默认的只读模式

    file_object.write("I love programming.\n") #只能将字符串写入文本文件

    file_object.write("I love creating new games.\n")

#例3

filename = "programming.txt"

with open(filename,'a') as file_object: #以附加模式打开文件,即向文件中追加文本

    file_object.write("I also love finding meaning in large datasets.\n")

    file_object.close()

12. 文件路径相关操作

import os.path

os.path.join("C:\\user","Desktop") #组合路径

parent_path,name = os.path.split("C:\\user\\Desktop") #分解路径

print(parent_path)

print(name)

os.path.splittext("image.jpg") #分解出拓展名

os.listdir("C:\\Users\\xlh") #获得目录下的所有条目

os.path.isfile("image.jpg") #如果文件存在则返回True

os.path.isdir("Desktop") #如果目录存在则返回True

os.remove("junk.dat") #删除文件

#改变文件的权限可用os.chmod函数

os.mkdir("C:\\Users\\xlh") #创建空目录，前提是父目录必须存在

os.makedirs("C:\\Users\\xlh") #若父目录不存在则重新创建

os.rmdir("C:\\Users\\xlh") #删除目录（仅对空目录有效）

#重命名、移动、复制和删除文件

import shutil

shutil.move("sever.log","server.log.backup") #重命名文件

shutil.move("mail.txt","C:\\DATA\\") #移动文件到另一目录下

shutil.copy("important.dat","C:\\backups") #将文件复制到新目录下

shutil.rmtree("C:\\Users\\xlh") #删除目录（谨慎使用，因为即使目录有文件也一并删除）

#例4

print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")

print("Enter 'q' to quit.") 

while True:

    first_number = input("\nFirst number:")

    if first_number == 'q':

        break

    second_number = input("Second number:")

try:

    answer = int(first_number)/int(second_number)

except ZeroDivisionError: #出现ZeroDivisionError异常时该怎么办，且程序继续运行

    pass #pass表示什么都不做

    #print("You can't divide by zero!")

else:

    print(answer)

#例5

title = "Alice in Wonderland"

title.split() #以空格为分隔符将字符串拆分成多个部分

#例6

import json

numbers = [2,3,5,7,11,3]

filname = 'numbers.json'

with open(filename,'w') as f_obj:

json.dump(numbers,f_obj) #将数据存储在文件对象中

with open(filename) as f_obj:

    numbers = json.load(f_obj) #读取到内存中

print(numbers)

#2.测试代码

#例1

import unittest

def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name):

    full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name

    return full_name.title()

class NamesTestCase(unittest.TestCase): #继承unittest.TestCase类

"""测试get_formatted_name函数"""

def test_first_last_name(self): #以test_打头的方法将自动运行

    """能够正确处理姓名吗？"""

    formatted_name = get_formatted_name('janis','joplin')

    self.assertEqual(formatted_name,'Janis Joplin') #若相等返回OK，表示测试通过

    unittest.main()

#例2

class AnonymousSurvey():

    """手机匿名调查问卷的答案"""

    def __init__(self,question):

        """存储一个问题，并为存储答案做准备"""

        self.question = question

        self.response = []

    def show_question(self):

        """显示调查问卷"""

        print(self.question)

    def store_response(self,new_response):

        """存储单份调查答案"""

        self.responses.append(new_response)

    def show_results(self):

        """显示所有收集到的答案"""

        print("Survey results:")

        for response in self.responses:

            print('- ' + response)

#将该类保存为surve.py

from survey import AnonymousSurvey

class TestAnonymousSurvey:

question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"

my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)

my_survey.show_question()

pritn("Enter 'q' at any time to quit.\n")

while True:

    response = input("Language:")

    if response == 'q':

        break

    my_survey.store_response(response)

print("\nThank you to everyone who participated in the survey!")

my_survey.show_results()

#例3

class TestAnonymousSurvey:

    def setUp(self):

        question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"

        self.my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)

        self.responses = ['English','Spanish','Mandarin']

    def test_store_single_response(self):

        """测试单个答案会被妥善的存储"""

        self.my_survey.store_response(self.responses[0])

        self.assertIn(self.responses[0],self.my_survey.responses)

    def test_store_three_response(self):

        """测试三个答案会被妥善的存储"""

        for response in self.responses:

            self.my_survey.store_response(response)

        for response in self.responses:

            self.assertIn(response,self.my_survey.responses)

unittest.main()