英语语法篇 - 从句

英语的三种句子

• 简单句（不能再拆）
• 复合句（不分主次）
• 复杂句（主句+从句）

从句的原理

在英语中，一个句子A可以成为一个整句的某种句子成分，可以理解为A成了整句其余部分B的附属，服从B，同时也不能独立成句了；而B就成了A的“主”人。A即所谓“从句”，B即所谓“主句”。合在一起成为复杂句。

从句的分类

一个从句可以充当句子成分，按句子成分分类：主语从句，宾语从句，宾语补语从句，表语从句，定语从句，状语从句，同位语从句。

按句子中各种词的词类（词性）分类：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，宾语补语从句，同位语从句），形容词从句（定语从句），副词从句（状语从句 - 时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件，原因，方式，比较…）

词性：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、代词、数词、连词、介词、叹词

形容词从句

对某人或事物进行描述，具有形容词的性质。在句中充当定语，所以被称作“定语从句”。

• 形容词从句的思维方式

  中文思维方式的优点是形式统一，但缺点是有可能定语太长，如：一只几个月前开始在B站上传视频专门教英语的讨人喜爱的兔子。

  英语有关系词的概念，好处是：如果描述很长，可以无所畏惧的放在一个长从句里，不至于说了一大堆描述后才说描述的对象：This is a rabbit who started uploading videos since a few months ago to focus on English teaching and is liked by many students…这之后还能继续加从句，整出套娃结构…who will definitely give this video a thumbs-up.

• 形容词从句的构成

  a tasty carrot. 一根好吃的胡萝卜

  a carrot that the rabbit ate. 一根兔子吃了的胡萝卜

  a teacher who is a rabbit. 一个是兔子的老师

  a teacher whom i saw yesterday. 一个我昨天看见的老师

  the place where the rabbit ate the carrot. 兔子吃胡萝卜的地方

  the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot. 兔子吃胡萝卜的原因

  • 关系词

    1. 关系代词

       关系代词引导的形容词从句：

       The rabbit is eating a carrot that i bought.

       that作为that i bought 的引导词，起代词的作用，所以属于关系词中的“关系代词”。

       The teacher who ate a carrot is a rabbit.

       The teacher whom i saw yesterday is a rabbit.

       The teacher whose favorite food is carrot is a rabbit.

       The food which the teacher likes is a carrot.

       这里的关系代词之所以是who,whom,whose,which,都是为了在它们引导的从句中更通顺，因为这些词表达的逻辑关系，实际上是从对应的陈述句里变来的，而这些从句中，除去关系代词在开头做引导词，其他词的语序与对应的陈述的语序是一致的。

       充当定语的“原本”是陈述句的句子：

       只要先把对应的陈述句中需要替代的词变做相应的关系代词：

       再把关系代词移到开头，就构成了从句：

       I bought the carrot. -> I bought that. -> that I bought.

       the rabbit ate a carrot. -> who ate a carrot. -> who ate a carrot.

       i saw the teacher yesterday. -> i saw whom yesterday. -> whom i saw yesterday.

       the teacher’s favorite food is carrot. -> whose favorite food is carrot. -> whose favorite food is carrot.

       the teacher likes the food. -> the teacher likes which. -> which the teacher likes.

       that vs. which

       1. 先行词是唯一的：that

       The rabbit ate the largest carrot that l’ve ever seen.

       the largest已经说是“最大的”，就那么一根，没得选了 ，所以关系代词只能是that.

       all the rabbits that ate a carrot.

       the only rabbit that ate a carrot.

       the first rabbit that ate a carrot.

       先行词是多选一(如果是多个同类事物中按限定条件选择)：which

       The rabbit ate a carrot which i bought.

    2. 关系副词

       This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot.

       This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot.

       That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.

       where, why,when在句中的词类（词性）不是代词，而是副词。自然地，这些引导词属于关系词中的“关系副词”。我们也可以把这些关系副词转为关系代词：关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词which

       This was the place at which the rabbit ate the carrot.

       This is the reason for which the rabbit ate the carrot.

       That was the day on which the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.

• 形容词从句的限定性和非限定性

  形容词从句/定语从句的主要功能，即：限定范围
  The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table.
  which was on the table 限定carrot 的范围/性质
  这样的形容词从句属于限定性形容词从句。
  
  非限定性形容词从句：顾名思义，就是没有限定作用的从句
  The rabbit ate the carrot,  which was on the table.
  The rabbit ate the carrot, the carrot was on the table.
  可以理解为连续说两次the carrot 太啰嗦，所以咱们就用一个代词which来代替the carrot,避免重复。这样的从句其实压根儿就没有限定的作用，因为只不过是用了个代词“接着说话”而已。其实就是一前一后表达了两个信息：兔子吃胡萝卜和胡萝卜（在被吃之前）在桌上。言下之意是，完全可能只有一个胡萝卜，然后补充信息是，这根胡萝卜恰巧在桌上而已。
  
  I have a head which is round.
  言下之意是我有好几个头，其中一个是圆的，其他的头可能是方的扁的。
  I have a head, which is round.
  我有一个头，而我这个头是圆的。
  
  非限定性形容词从句作插入语：
  my head, which is big, is useful when it rains.
  我有大头，下雨不愁
  The biggest carrot, which the rabbit ate, was on the table.
  最大的那根胡萝卜曾在桌上，兔子吃了它。
  上面两个作插入语的形容词从句，都可以直接去掉都不影响句意。而且正因为只是补充信息用，所以前面加the biggest这样“确定唯一”的限定词一点问题都没有。
  
  非限定性形容词从句不一定补充某个先行词，而是可以指代整句话，比如：
  The rabbit ate the carrot, which was not surprising.
  兔子吃了胡萝卜，这事儿不令人吃惊。
  这里的which不是指代rabbit也不是carrot，而是之前的整个the rabbit ate the carrot这件事儿。
  

名词从句

• 主语从句的原理

  句子主语由从句充当：

  **That/whether/where/when/how/what ** the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious.

• 形式主语

  It is obvious that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening.

  饿了的兔子今天晚饭已经吃了根胡萝卜，这很明显。

宾语从句

• 确定信息 & 不确定信息

  I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot.
  我看见这兔子吃了根胡萝卜。
  that the rabbit ate a carrot.是确定的信息

  不确定信息作宾语从句：
  I saw whether the rabbit ate the carrot.
  I saw who ate the carrot.
  I saw what the rabbit ate.
  I saw where the rabbit ate the carrot.
  I saw when the rabbit ate the carrot.
  I saw how the rabbit ate the carrot.

• 引导词that的省略

  在口语或非正式书面语中，宾语从句的引导词that往往可以省略：

  I know (that) the rabbit ate a carrot.

• 某些词后的宾语从句的否定

  表达某种意见时，经常会用到宾语从句：

  I think (that) the rabbit is smart.

  我认为这兔子很聪明。

  否定加在谓语动词前，而非从句中：

  I don’t think (that) the rabbit is smart.

• 主从时态一致

  主句时态 = 宾语从句时态

  I don’t think (that) you’re right.

  I didn’t think (that) you were right.

  I knew (that) the rabbit liked carrots.

  只有不变的客观现象才是例外：

  I knew (that) the sun rises(永恒/客观) in the east.

表语从句

就是用一个从句充当系动词之后的那个表语。

表语从句中最常见的系动词就是be动词。

The problem is that the rabbit is hungry.

The reason is that there’s no more carrot.

The question is whether the rabbit is hungry.

The question is what the rabbit should eat.

The question is where /when/how the rabbit should eat the carrot.

表语从句（主语补语从句）往往就是把之前讲到的主语从句移到系动词之后而已：

主语从句：That the rabbit ate a carrot is a secret.

表语从句：The secret is that the rabbit ate a carrot.

其他系动词：feel, seem,look,taske…

It seems that the rabbit is hungry.

It feels that you’re not telling the truth.

同位语从句

所谓“同位语”，其实就是用不同的方式把一个概念再说一遍，用逗号隔开：

My teacher, Papa Rabbit, likes carrots.

我的老师，兔老爹，喜欢胡萝卜。

同位语从句：当一个从句来充当同位语时：这样的从句常在句中修饰抽象的名词

The fact that the rabbit ate the carrot did not surprise me.（包含已知信息）

兔子吃了胡萝卜这个事实并没让我吃惊。

这里的The fact和that the rabbit ate the carrot是同一个概念，一前一后用两种方式说出来而已。

包含未知信息：

The question(主语) whether the rabbit will eat the carrot（同位语） is on all our minds.

兔子是否会吃胡萝卜这个问题萦绕在我们所有人心中。

I have no idea who(宾语) ate the carrot(同位语).

我不知道谁吃了那胡萝卜。

ate the carrot 其实是把idea重新定义了一番。

I am sure that there’s a carrot on the table. 我确定桌上有根胡萝卜。

I am sure of the fact that there’s a carrot on the table.

我确定桌上有根胡萝卜这件事儿。

宾语补语从句

将充当宾语补语的专有名词用从句替换，就能得到一个作宾语补语的从句。：

You can call me what you like.

你可以叫我你想叫我的（称号）。即：你可以随便叫我什么。

My education made me(宾语) who i am today（宾语补语，从句充当）.

我的教育成就了今天的我

需要宾语补语的动词，比如call,make,consider…等等。

You can call me Papa Rabbit.

副词从句

副词从句在句中起到副词的作用，一般补充说明动词，形容词，副词等。从句子成分上说，它充当了句子的状语，所有副词从句也叫“状语从句”。

因为“作状语”在句子中补充信息，有多种可能：

根据用途/意义把副词从句分类：

1. 表时间（如：在…前）
2. 表地点（如：在…地方）
3. 表条件 （如：如果…）
4. 表让步 （如：虽然…但是…）
5. 表方式 （如：就好像…）
6. 表比较 （如：比…）
7. 表原因 （如：因为…所以…）
8. 表目的 （如：为了…）
9. 表结果 （如：所以…）

时间副词从句(before, when/while/as, after, since, until, as soon as, the next time)

• 按时间参照点来分类：

  • 在某一时间点之前。引导词：before

    主句在从句之前：The rabbit ate a carrot at home before the wolf stopped by.

    大灰狼串门之前，兔子吃了根胡萝卜。

    从句在主句之前，则要在从句后加上逗号，便于断句：Before the wolf stopped by, the rabbit ate a carrot at home.

  • 在某一时间点之中（当时），引导词：when,while,as

    The rabbit was eating a carrot when I reached home.

    我到家的时候，兔子在吃胡萝卜。

    The rabbit was eating a carrot while i was making a video.

    我做视频的过程中，兔子在吃胡萝卜。

    I ate a carrot as i made the video.

    我一遍吃胡萝卜一边做视频。

    when, while,as三者的不同点：

    1. when:时间点，“突然”

       The rabbit was eating a carrot at home when the wolf stopped by.

       兔子在家吃胡萝卜的时候（突然）大灰狼来串门了。

    2. while:时间段。一般强调一个时间段。

       The rabbit was eating a carrot while i was making a video.

       我做视频的过程中，兔子在吃胡萝卜。

    3. as:同时。一般强调同时进行两个动作。

       I ate a carrot as i made the video.

       我一遍吃胡萝卜一边做视频。

  • 在某一时间点之后，引导词：after

    The rabbit ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by.

    大灰狼串过门之后，兔子吃了根胡萝卜。

  • 从之前某一时间点开始算。引导词：since

    从某时间点算起的时间段，往往暗示了对之后有影响。一般使用完成状态。

    The rabbit has shared three carrots since the wolf stopped by.

    自从大灰狼来串门，兔子已经分享了三根胡萝卜了。

    The rabbit has not stopped sharing carrots since the wolf stopped by.

    自从大灰狼来串门，兔子就一直在分享胡萝卜。

  • 直到之后某一时间点。引导词：until

    有点像since的对立面，即从某一时间点算起，直到之后点某一时间点。

    The rabbit waited until the wolf stopped by.

    兔子一直在等，直到大灰狼来串门。

    The rabbit didn’t eat any carrot until the wolf stopped by.

    兔子直到大灰狼来串门才吃了胡萝卜。

  • 一…就… 引导词：as soon as

    相当于一个动作紧跟着另一个动作发生。

    The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves.

    大灰狼一离开兔子就要吃一个胡萝卜。

  • 下次… 引导词：the next time

    The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by.

    下次大灰狼来串门，兔子会一起分享最大的胡萝卜。

地点副词（状语）从句(where, wherever/everywhere/anywhere)

引导词：where + “强调形式”（wherever/everywhere/anywhere）：

The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it.

这里的副词从句（where he found it），直接=地点。

兔子在找到胡萝卜的地方吃了它。

定语从句：The rabbit ate the carrot at the place where he found it.

这里的定语从句（where he found it）是修饰先行词place，即一个已经交代了但是没有具体限定的地点。

This is where(引导表语从句) he found the carrot.

Where(引导主语从句) he found the carrot is a secret.

The rabbit will go wherever(强调：“不管”哪里) he can find a carrot.

不管哪里，只要能发现胡萝卜，这兔子就回去。

The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere(强调：“任何”地方 = every place where 定语从句) he likes.

兔子在他到的地方都看见一根胡萝卜。

The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere(强调：“所有”地方 = at any place where 定语从句) he goes.

比较副词从句(than that, as…as…, the(比较级)，the(比较级))

英语形容词有所谓的“比较级”，比如：

This carrot is bigger than that one.

这根胡萝卜比那根大。

She is as beautiful as Snow White.

她和白雪公主一样漂亮。

比较副词从句：“更…”

This carrot is bigger than that one is.

She is more beautiful than Snow White is.

than that one is和than Snow White is实际上都是副词从句，用“比较”的方式对前面的主句进行补充说明。

比较副词从句：as…as… “同样得…”

She is as beautiful as Snow White is.

the(比较级)，the(比较级) 比较副词从句：“越…越…”

The more you practice English, the more fluent you become.

你越多练习英语，你就越流利。

条件副词从句(if, unless, provided, as long as, in case)

“条件句”：

If the rabbit sees a carrot, he will eat it.

If the rabbit sees a carrot 真实的假设，属于“真实条件句”

“虚拟条件句”，和事实相反的假设。If i saw a carrot, i would eat it.

If i had seen a carrot, i would have eaten it. 使用了动词虚拟语气的条件副词从句。

条件句总是比主句在时态上落后一个时间段。这也可以应用于虚拟语气：

If i saw a carrot, i would eat it.

unless:

If you like this video, you will give it a thumbs-up.

如果你喜欢这个视频，你会给它点赞。

If you don’t like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.

如果你不喜欢这个视频，你不会给它点赞。

Unless you don’t like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.

除非你喜欢这个视频，你不会给它点赞。

其他引导词：provided, as long as, in case:

Provided that my video is excellent, you will give it a thumbs-up.

如果我的视频很棒，你会给它点赞。

As long as i make video excellent videos, you will give it a thumbs-up.

只要我一直做高质量视频，你会给它点赞。

In case you don’t understand, please comment below.

如果你不明白，请在下方评论。

让步副词从句(Even, Although/though/even though, No matter/Regardless of)

和“条件副词从句”有些相通的地方，都是阐述某种情况或做出某种假设，让步副词从句阐述“相反/相对”，最常见的就是“即使…也…”，所以才有“让步”这一说。

让步副词从句：Even if i see a carrot, i will not eat it. 即使我看到了一根胡萝卜，我也不会吃它。

把even去掉，句子照样通顺，只不过加了even，就有了“让步”的意思：就算是“我看见胡萝卜”这种情况发生，我也会做出一个在这个语境下“相反”的动作，即不吃它。

条件副词从句：If i saw a carrot, i would it eat. 如果我看到了一根胡萝卜，我就会吃掉它。

让步的情况不一定是假设，而可能就是事实，比如：

Although/though/even though i see a carrot, i will not eat it.

尽管我看到了一根胡萝卜，但我不会吃它。

未知情况：no matter(不管如何) + 疑问句

No matter/Regardless of what happens, i will not eat the carrot.

不管什么事发生，我都不会吃这胡萝卜。

方式副词从句(as if, as)

1. 好像某事发生过的方式

   I feel good as if i had just eaten a carrot.

   我感觉良好，就**好像（表示与事实相反的假设）**我刚吃了根胡萝卜一样。

   条件副词从句（虚拟语气）：If i had eaten a carrot, i would have felt good.

   如果我刚才吃了根胡萝卜的话，我现在就会感觉良好。

2. 好像某事正在发生的方式

   Eat the carrot as i do.

   像我一样吃胡萝卜。

   Leave the carrot as it is.

   别动这胡萝卜。

原因副词从句(because, Since, As, for)/目的副词从句(In order that, so that, )/结果副词从句(so that, so…that, such…that, so)

共同点在于都是“表达了某种因果”，即A导致B这样的情况。

1. 原因副词从句

The rabbit ate the carrot because he was hungry.

兔子吃了胡萝卜，因为它饿了。

because引导从句，构成了一个复杂句；so 是个用来构成一个复合句的连词。

The rabbit was hungry, so he ate the carrot.

Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot.

既然你饿了，你可以吃这胡萝卜。

Asyou were not here, we ate the carrot without you.

因为你之前不在这儿，所以吃胡萝卜没带你一个。

• because/since/as都可以构成原因状语从句，那它们有什么区别呢？

  • 从因果或者说语气的程度上说：because > since > as

  because引出的是实实在在的因果关系：

  Becausethis video is excellent, you should give it a thumbs-up.

  因为这视频很棒，所以要点赞。

  since引出的是大家都已经知道的情况：

  Since all my videos are excellent, you should give this video a thumbs-up.

  众所周知，英语兔只出精品，所以要点赞。

  as引出的是显而易见的事实：

  As i have thick skin, i’m begging you for a thumbs-up.

  显而易见我脸皮很厚，所以求你点赞。

  • 语序的区别

  because引导的从句在主句前后都可以；

  而since和as引导的从句一般只能放在主句之前。

  for 这个词也可以表示一点过的因果关系：

  You must really like me, for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up. for 这里构成复合句。

  你肯定很喜欢我英语兔，因为你给我所有的视频都点赞啦。

2. 目的副词从句

因为要达到目的A(从句)，所以做了B(主句)。

In order thati could finish the video in time, i pulled an all-nighter.

为了及时完成视频，我熬夜不睡。

i pulled an all-nighter so that i could finish the video in time. so that 不可以放在句首。

目的副词从句中，一般使用情态动词can,could,may,might,should,would等，因为这样能更好体现目的性。

3. 结果副词从句

结果副词从句也可以由so that构成：

I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that i wasn’t hungry at all in the afternoon.

I ate so many carrots for lunch that i felt sick afterwards. so…that…

我吃了那么多胡萝卜，导致（结果是）我之后感到不舒服。

such后接名词而不是形容词：

It was such a tasty carrot（名词性成分） that i ate it all at once.

这是个如此好次的胡萝卜，以至于（结果）我一下子就吃完了它。

It was so tasty(形容词) a carrot that i ate it all at once.

The temperature was low so that the lake froze. so that 起到的作用是解释说明主句的情况，是主句动作产生的结果。

气温很低，所以湖结冰了。

I like this video, so i’ll give it a thumbs-up. 这里的so构成复合句。