助动词的作用
The rabbit can kill a wolf.
兔子能杀死一只狼。
- 辅助助动词;
- 不能像助动词那样单独作谓语动词。
基本助动词
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be
现在进行时态:The rabbit is eating a carrot.
兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜。
被动语态:The carrot was eaten by the rabbit.
胡萝卜被兔子吃了。
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do
强调:The rabbit does like coins!
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have
现在完成时态:The rabbit has eaten a carrot.
兔子吃掉了根胡萝卜。
情态助动词
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can/could
表示“有能力做某事”,也可以译作“会”,“可以”:
I can kill a wolf.
I could kill a wolf last year.
我去年能够杀死一只狼。
Can/could i borrow your book? -Yes, of course.
表可能性:
Anything can happen.
Anything could happen.
could 表示对过去的推测/表现在的可能性。
The rabbit could have gone home earlier, but he didn’t finish work on time.
兔子本可以早回家的,但他没按时完成工作。
could have gone表示过去本可以做但实际未做,这是一种对过去的虚拟表达。
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may/might
表请求或许可:
May/might i borrow your book?
表可能性:“也许,大概,可能”
may/might表示可能性的程度小于can/could的可能性。
The rabbit isn’t here. He may/might be at home.
表祝愿:通常放在句首
May you succeed! 祝你成功!
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will/would
构成将来时:
The rabbit will eat a carrot.
构成过去将来时:
The rabbit would eat a carrot.
兔子(在过去某一时间)将吃一根胡萝卜。
表示请求,建议:
Will you lend me that book?
你愿意借给我拿本书吗?
Would you please lend me that book?
请你借给我拿本书好吗?
表推测:
Ask him. He will/would know.
问他吧,他可能知道。
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shall/shoul
构成将来时:
I shall be there at 9AM.
我早上9点会在那里。
表请求或征求意见:
Shall we meet at 9AM?
我们早上9点见面如何?
表警告,命令…
表应当:
We should treat the rabbit well.
我们应该对兔子好点。
表有一定根据的推测:
It should rain tomorrow.
明天应该会下雨。(这里的情况是根据具体情况做出的推测,所以表示的可能性程度比较大)
表“竟然”:
It’s surprising that he should be late.
真的很奇怪,他竟然会迟到。
使用should表达“竟然”,体现惊讶,愤怒或者失望等含义。
构成虚拟语气:
这种情况一般会出现在条件状语从句中
If it should rain tomorrow, i wouldn’t go.
如果明天万一下雨,我就不去了。(对将来情况的虚拟)
You should have eaten the carrot.
你应该吃掉那根葫芦卜(但你没吃)。(这里是对过去的,与现实相反的假设)
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must
表必须:
You must finish your homework first!
表禁止:
You must not smoke here.
Must i give you a thumbs-up?
我是否一定要给你一个赞呢?
No, you need not give me a thumbs-up.
不,你不是必须给我点赞。need 情态动词
No, you don’t have to give me a thumbs-up.
不,你不是必须给我点赞。have to半助动词
表推测:
The light is on. The rabbit must be at home.
等亮着,兔子一定在家。
The light isn’t on. The rabbit can’t be at home.
等不亮,兔子不可能在家。
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ought to
表“应该”,语气往往更强一些:
We ought to treat the rabbit well.
我们应该对兔子好点儿。
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dare/dared
做实义动词:敢;挑战;冒险
作为情态助动词,表示“敢”:一般用于否定句和疑问句中
The rabbit dare not tell the truth to the wolf.
兔子不敢对狼说出真相。
How dare you! 你好大的胆子!
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need
表示“需要,有必要”
The rabbit need(情态动词) wait.
The rabbit need(谓语动词) to wait.
兔子需要等待。
The rabbit need not wait.
The rabbit does not need(实义动词) not wait.
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used to
表示过去的动作:强调和现在对比
The rabbit used to eat apples. Now he only eats carrots.
兔子过去(习惯)吃苹果,现在他只吃胡萝卜。
use: Could i use your phone?我可以用你的电话吗?
am used to: I am used to getting up early.我习惯早起。
半助动词
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be able to
可以表达将来的能力:
I’ll **be able to ** reach school on time if i leave right now.
如果我现在就离开就能按时到学校。
was/were able to…往往表示“成功做成…”:
I was able to reach school on time because l left home early.
因为我离家很早所以按时到学校。
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be going to
be going to/be about to /be to 和will一样都表示将要做某事:
be going to有更强的主观能动性,含有“计划做某事”的意思,而且通常是“很快就要做某事”:
I’m going to eat dinner at 6PM today.
我会字啊6点吃完饭。
be about to是马上要做某事,时间就更短了。
be to 往往表示被命令做某事:
You are to finish home work first.
你要先做完作业。
be to 可以表示命中注定:
I think they’re to fall in love with each other.
我想他们注定会相爱。
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be about to
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had better
表示“最好做…”,往往表示忠告,警告之意,暗含“如果不这么做,会有不好的后果”
You had better follow my orders.
你最好听我的命令。
'd better = had better