莫 比 乌 斯 函 数 莫比乌斯函数 莫比乌斯函数
m u ( n ) = { 1 ( n = 1 ) 0 ( n 含 有 平 方 因 子 ) ( − 1 ) k ( n 含 有 k 个 质 因 子 ) mu(n) = \begin{cases} & 1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (n=1)\\ & 0 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (n含有平方因子)\\ & (-1)^k \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (n含有k个质因子) \\ \end{cases} mu(n)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧1 (n=1)0 (n含有平方因子)(−1)k (n含有k个质因子)
引 理 1 引理1 引理1
n = Π i = 1 k P i C i , n ′ = Π i = 1 k P i n = \Pi_{i=1}^{k}Pi^{Ci}, n'= \Pi_{i=1}^{k}Pi n=Πi=1kPiCi,n′=Πi=1kPi
则 S ( n ) = ∑ i ∣ n μ ( i ) 则S(n) = \sum_{i \mid n}\mu (i) 则S(n)=∑i∣nμ(i)
= ∑ i ∣ n ′ μ ( i ) = \sum_{i \mid n'}\mu (i) =∑i∣n′μ(i)
= C k i ∗ ( − 1 ) i = C^i_k *(-1)^i =Cki∗(−1)i
= ( 1 + ( − 1 ) ) k =(1 + (-1)) ^ k =(1+(−1))k
= 0 =0 =0
即 S ( n ) = { 1 ( n = 1 ) 0 ( n > 1 ) 即S(n)=\begin{cases} 1 (n=1) \\ 0 (n>1) \\ \end{cases} 即S(n)={1(n=1)0(n>1)
莫 比 乌 斯 反 演 莫比乌斯反演 莫比乌斯反演
定义函数 f ( n ) f(n) f(n), F ( n ) F(n) F(n)
(1).若 F ( n ) = ∑ d ∣ n f ( d ) F(n) = \sum_{d\mid n}f(d) F(n)=∑d∣nf(d),则 f ( n ) = ∑ d ∣ n μ ( d ) F ( n d ) f(n)=\sum_{d\mid n}\mu (d) F(\frac{n}{d}) f(n)=∑d∣nμ(d)F(dn)
证 明 证明 证明
∑ d ∣ n μ ( d ) F ( n d ) \sum_{d\mid n}\mu(d) F(\frac{n}{d}) ∑d∣nμ(d)F(dn)
= ∑ d ∣ n μ ( d ) ( ∑ i ∣ n d f ( i ) ) = \sum_{d\mid n}\mu (d) \left( \sum_{i\mid \frac{n}{d}}f(i) \right) =∑d∣nμ(d)(∑i∣dnf(i))
= ∑ i ∣ n f ( i ) ( ∑ d ∣ n i μ ( d ) ) = \sum_{i \mid n} f(i) \left( \sum_{d \mid \frac{n}{i}}\mu (d) \right) =∑i∣nf(i)(∑d∣inμ(d))
= ∑ i ∣ n f ( i ) S ( n i ) = \sum_{i \mid n} f(i) S(\frac{n}{i}) =∑i∣nf(i)S(in)
= f ( n ) = f(n) =f(n)
证毕
(2).若 F ( n ) = ∑ n ∣ d f ( d ) F(n) = \sum_{n\mid d}f(d) F(n)=∑n∣df(d),则 f ( n ) = ∑ n ∣ d μ ( d n ) F ( d ) f(n)=\sum_{n\mid d}\mu (\frac{d}{n}) F(d) f(n)=∑n∣dμ(nd)F(d)
证 明 证明 证明
∑ n ∣ d μ ( d n ) F ( d ) \sum_{n\mid d}\mu (\frac{d}{n}) F(d) ∑n∣dμ(nd)F(d)
= ∑ n ∣ d μ ( d n ) ( ∑ d ∣ i f ( i ) ) = \sum_{n\mid d}\mu (\frac{d}{n}) \left( \sum_{d\mid i}f(i) \right) =∑n∣dμ(nd)(∑d∣if(i))
= ∑ n ∣ i f ( i ) ( ∑ d n ∣ i n μ ( d n ) ) = \sum_{n \mid i}f(i)\left( \sum_{\frac{d}{n} \mid \frac{i}{n}}\mu (\frac{d}{n}) \right) =∑n∣if(i)(∑nd∣niμ(nd))
= ∑ n ∣ i f ( i ) ( ∑ d ′ ∣ i n μ ( d ′ ) ) = \sum_{n \mid i}f(i)\left( \sum_{d' \mid \frac{i}{n}}\mu (d') \right) =∑n∣if(i)(∑d′∣niμ(d′))
= ∑ n ∣ i f ( i ) S ( i n ) = \sum_{n \mid i}f(i)S(\frac{i}{n}) =∑n∣if(i)S(ni)
= f ( n ) = f(n) =f(n)
证毕