datawhale-动手学数据分析task02

#加载数据train.csv
train = pd.read_csv('train.csv')

2 第二章：数据清洗及特征处理
我们拿到的数据通常是不干净的，所谓的不干净，就是数据中有缺失值，有一些异常点等，需要经过一定的处理才能继续做后面的分析或建模，所以拿到数据的第一步是进行数据清洗，本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作，将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的亚子。

2.1 缺失值观察与处理
我们拿到的数据经常会有很多缺失值，比如我们可以看到Cabin列存在NaN，那其他列还有没有缺失值，这些缺失值要怎么处理呢

2.1.1 任务一：缺失值观察
(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
(2) 请查看Age， Cabin， Embarked列的数据

#写入代码
train.isnull().sum()

PassengerId      0
Survived         0
Pclass           0
Name             0
Sex              0
Age            177
SibSp            0
Parch            0
Ticket           0
Fare             0
Cabin          687
Embarked         2
dtype: int64

train.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
 #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------       --------------  -----  
 0   PassengerId  891 non-null    int64  
 1   Survived     891 non-null    int64  
 2   Pclass       891 non-null    int64  
 3   Name         891 non-null    object 
 4   Sex          891 non-null    object 
 5   Age          714 non-null    float64
 6   SibSp        891 non-null    int64  
 7   Parch        891 non-null    int64  
 8   Ticket       891 non-null    object 
 9   Fare         891 non-null    float64
 10  Cabin        204 non-null    object 
 11  Embarked     889 non-null    object 
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.7+ KB

#写入代码
train[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head()
train.loc[:,['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head(2)

2.1.2 任务二：对缺失值进行处理
(1)处理缺失值一般有几种思路

(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理

(3) 请尝试使用不同的方法直接对整张表的缺失值进行处理

#处理缺失值的一般思路：

（1）删除缺失值

train.shape  # (891, 12)
train.dropna().shape

#写入代码
train.fillna(0).shape  # 用0填充

fillna()用法举例

df = pd.DataFrame([[np.nan, 2, np.nan, 0],
                    [3, 4, np.nan, 1],
                    [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, 5],
                    [np.nan, 3, np.nan, 4]],
                   columns=list('ABCD'))
df
A	B	C	D
0	NaN	2.0	NaN	0
1	3.0	4.0	NaN	1
2	NaN	NaN	NaN	5
3	NaN	3.0	NaN	4
 df.fillna(0)
1
A	B	C	D
0	0.0	2.0	0.0	0
1	3.0	4.0	0.0	1
2	0.0	0.0	0.0	5
3	0.0	3.0	0.0	4

df.fillna(method='ffill')  # 前向填充

A	B	C	D
0	NaN	2.0	NaN	0
1	3.0	4.0	NaN	1
2	3.0	4.0	NaN	5
3	3.0	3.0	NaN	4
df.fillna(method='bfill')

A	B	C	D
0	3.0	2.0	NaN	0
1	3.0	4.0	NaN	1
2	NaN	3.0	NaN	5
3	NaN	3.0	NaN	4

values = {'A': 0, 'B': 1, 'C': 2, 'D': 3}
df.fillna(value=values)

A	B	C	D
0	0.0	2.0	2.0	0
1	3.0	4.0	2.0	1
2	0.0	1.0	2.0	5
3	0.0	3.0	2.0	4

df.fillna(value=values, limit=1)

A	B	C	D
0	0.0	2.0	2.0	0
1	3.0	4.0	NaN	1
2	NaN	1.0	NaN	5
3	NaN	3.0	NaN	4
train['Age'].fillna(int(train['Age'].mean()))  # 使用均值填充
1
0      22.0
1      38.0
2      26.0
3      35.0
4      35.0
       ... 
886    27.0
887    19.0
888    29.0
889    26.0
890    32.0
Name: Age, Length: 891, dtype: float64

【思考1】dropna和fillna有哪些参数，分别如何使用呢?

dropna用法举例
df = pd.DataFrame({"name": ['Alfred', 'Batman', 'Catwoman'],
                   "toy": [np.nan, 'Batmobile', 'Bullwhip'],
                   "born": [pd.NaT, pd.Timestamp("1940-04-25"),
                            pd.NaT]})
df

name	toy	born
0	Alfred	NaN	NaT
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT

Drop the rows where at least one element is missing.

df.dropna()  # 删除有缺失值的行
name	toy	born
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
 # Drop the columns where at least one element is missing.
df.dropna(axis='columns')  # 删除有缺失值的列
name
0	Alfred
1	Batman
2	Catwoman

Drop the rows where all elements are missing.

df.append(pd.DataFrame({'name':[np.nan],'toy':[np.nan],'born':[np.nan]}))

name	toy	born
0	Alfred	NaN	NaT
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT
0	NaN	NaN	NaT
df.dropna(how='all')  # 删除全为缺失值的行

name	toy	born
0	Alfred	NaN	NaT
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT

Keep only the rows with at least 2 non-NA values.

df.dropna(thresh=2)  #删除缺失值个数大于2的行

name	toy	born
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT

define in which columns to look for missing values.

df.dropna(subset=['name', 'born'])
name	toy	born
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
df.dropna(inplace=False)
df
name	toy	born
0	Alfred	NaN	NaT
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT

Keep the DataFrame with valid entries in the same variable.

df.dropna(inplace=True)
df

name toy born
1 Batman Batmobile 1940-04-25
【思考2】检索空缺值用np.nan要比用None好，这是为什么？

数值列读取数据后，空缺值的数据类型为float64所以用None一般索引不到，比较的时候最好用np.nan
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.dropna.html
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.fillna.html

2.2 重复值观察与处理
由于这样那样的原因，数据中会不会存在重复值呢，如果存在要怎样处理呢

2.2.1 任务一：请查看数据中的重复值
train[train.duplicated()]
1
PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
2.2.2 任务二：对重复值进行处理
(1)重复值有哪些处理方式呢？

(2)处理我们数据的重复值

删除重复值

train.drop_duplicates().head(2)

PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C
2.2.3 任务三：将前面清洗的数据保存为csv格式
#写入代码
train.to_csv(‘train_clear.csv’)

2.3 特征观察与处理
我们对特征进行一下观察，可以把特征大概分为两大类：

数值型特征：Survived ，Pclass， Age ，SibSp， Parch， Fare，其中Survived， Pclass为离散型数值特征，Age，SibSp， Parch， Fare为连续型数值特征
文本型特征：Name， Sex， Cabin，Embarked， Ticket，其中Sex， Cabin， Embarked， Ticket为类别型文本特征，数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练，【但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化】。文本型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。
2.3.1 任务一：对年龄进行分箱（离散化）处理
(1) 分箱操作是什么？

分箱操作是：先把数据分成几个小区间，然后每个区间的数据拥有相同的label值
(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

train[‘AgeBand’] = pd.cut(train[‘Age’],5,labels=[‘1’,‘2’,‘3’,‘4’,‘5’])
train.head(2)

PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 2
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 3
(3) 将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

train[‘AgeBand’] = pd.cut(train[‘Age’],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels=[‘1’,‘2’,‘3’,‘4’,‘5’])
train.head(2)

PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 3
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 4
(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段，并用分类变量12345表示

train[‘AgeBand’] = pd.qcut(train[‘Age’],[0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9]
,labels = [‘1’,‘2’,‘3’,‘4’,‘5’])

PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 2
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 5
(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存，保存为csv格式

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.cut.html

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.qcut.html

2.3.2 任务二：对文本变量进行转换
(1) 查看文本变量名及种类

#写入代码
train.info()

Name,Sex,Ticket,Cabin,Embarked为文本变量

<class ‘pandas.core.frame.DataFrame’>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 13 columns):

Column Non-Null Count Dtype

---

0 PassengerId 891 non-null int64
1 Survived 891 non-null int64
2 Pclass 891 non-null int64
3 Name 891 non-null object
4 Sex 891 non-null object
5 Age 714 non-null float64
6 SibSp 891 non-null int64
7 Parch 891 non-null int64
8 Ticket 891 non-null object
9 Fare 891 non-null float64
10 Cabin 204 non-null object
11 Embarked 889 non-null object
12 AgeBand 650 non-null category
dtypes: category(1), float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 84.7+ KB

train[‘Sex’].value_counts()
train[‘Cabin’].value_counts()
train[‘Embarked’].value_counts()

S 644
C 168
Q 77
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64

train[‘Sex’].unique()
train[‘Cabin’].unique()
train[‘Embarked’].unique()

array([‘S’, ‘C’, ‘Q’, nan], dtype=object)

train[‘Sex’].nunique()
train[‘Cabin’].nunique()
train[‘Embarked’].nunique()

(2) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin ，Embarked用数值变量12345表示

#方法一: replace
train[‘Sex_num’] = train[‘Sex’].replace([‘male’,‘female’],[1,2])
train[[‘Sex’,‘Sex_num’]].head(2)

Sex Sex_num
0 male 1
1 female 2
#方法二: map
train[‘Sex_num’] = train[‘Sex’].map({‘male’: 1, ‘female’: 2})
train[[‘Sex’,‘Sex_num’]].head(2)

Sex Sex_num
0 male 1
1 female 2
#方法三: 使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
lbl = LabelEncoder()

label_dict = dict(zip(train[‘Cabin’].unique(), range(train[‘Cabin’].nunique())))

train[“Cabin_labelEncode”] = train[‘Cabin’].map(label_dict)

train[“Cabin_labelEncode”] = lbl.fit_transform(train[‘Cabin’].astype(str))
train[[‘Cabin’,“Cabin_labelEncode”]].head(3)

Cabin Cabin_labelEncode
0 NaN 147
1 C85 81
2 NaN 147
(3) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin， Embarked用one-hot编码表示

x = pd.get_dummies(train[‘Sex’], prefix=‘Sex’)
train = pd.concat([train, x], axis=1)

train.head(2)

PassengerId Survived Pclass Name Sex Age SibSp Parch Ticket Fare Cabin Embarked AgeBand Sex_num Cabin_labelEncode Sex_female Sex_male Sex_female Sex_male
0 1 0 3 Braund, Mr. Owen Harris male 22.0 1 0 A/5 21171 7.2500 NaN S 2 1 147 0 1 0 1
1 2 1 1 Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th… female 38.0 1 0 PC 17599 71.2833 C85 C 5 2 81 1 0 1 0
2.3.3 任务三：从纯文本Name特征里提取出Titles的特征(所谓的Titles就是Mr,Miss,Mrs等)
#写入代码
Titles=[]
for name in list(train[‘Name’]):
if ‘Mr’ in name:
Titles.append(‘Mr’)
elif ‘Mrs’ in name:
Titles.append(‘Mrs’)
elif ‘Miss’ in name:
Titles.append(‘Miss’)
else:
Titles.append(np.nan)
Title