4.简洁实现softmax分类

与3中的一样，只是把自己实现的函数用API接口代替了，看着简洁了

import tensorflow as tf
from d2l import tensorflow as d2l

batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)

# 初始化模型参数
net = tf.keras.models.Sequential()
net.add(tf.keras.layers.Flatten(input_shape=(28, 28)))
weight_initializer = tf.keras.initializers.RandomNormal(mean=0.0, stddev=0.01)
net.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, kernel_initializer=weight_initializer))

# 损失函数，softmax的实现
loss = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True)

# 优化算法
trainer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=.1)

# 求acc的函数和训练没有改变

def accuracy(y_hat, y):
  if len(y_hat.shape) > 1 and y_hat.shape[1] > 1:
    y_hat = tf.argmax(y_hat, axis=1)
  cmp = tf.cast(y_hat, y.dtype) == y
  return float(tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(cmp, y.dtype)))

def evaluate_accuracy(net, data_iter): 
  metric = Accumulator(2)  # 正确预测数、预测总数
  for X, y in data_iter:
    metric.add(accuracy(net(X), y), d2l.size(y))
  return metric[0] / metric[1]

class Accumulator:
  def __init__(self, n):
    self.data = [0.0] * n

  def add(self, *args):
    self.data = [a + float(b) for a, b in zip(self.data, args)]

  def reset(self):
    self.data = [0.0] * len(self.data)

  def __getitem__(self, idx):
    return self.data[idx]

# 训练
# updater是更新模型参数的常用函数
def train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater):
  # 训练损失总和、训练准确度总和、样本数, 累积求和
  metric = Accumulator(3)
  for X,y in train_iter:
    # 计算梯度并更新参数
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
      y_hat = net(X)
      # Keras内置的损失接受的是（标签，预测），这不同于用户在本书中的实现。
      # 本书的实现接受（预测，标签），例如我们上面实现的“交叉熵”
      if isinstance(loss, tf.keras.losses.Loss):
        l = loss(y, y_hat)
      else:
        l = loss(y_hat, y)
    if isinstance(updater, tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer):
      params = net.trainable_variables
      grads = tape.gradient(l, params)
      updater.apply_gradients(zip(grads, params))
    else:
      updater(X.shape[0], tape.gradient(l, updater.params))
    # Keras的loss默认返回一个批量的平均损失
    l_sum = l * float(tf.size(y)) if isinstance(
      loss, tf.keras.losses.Loss) else tf.reduce_sum(l)
    metric.add(l_sum, accuracy(y_hat, y), tf.size(y))
    # 返回训练损失和训练精度
  return metric[0] / metric[2], metric[1] / metric[2]


def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, updater):
    # """训练模型（定义见第3章）"""
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
      train_metrics = train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater)
      test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(net, test_iter)
      train_loss, train_acc = train_metrics
      print("Epoch %s/%s："%(epoch,num_epochs)+" train_loss: "+str(train_loss) + " train_acc: "+str(train_acc) + " test_acc: "+str(test_acc))
   

# 训练
num_epochs = 10
train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, trainer)


def predict_ch3(net, test_iter):
    # """预测标签（定义见第3章）"""
    # batch_size=256, 所以X和y的大小是256
    for X, y in test_iter:
        break
    # 得到真实标签
    trues = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(y)
    # 得到预测标签
    preds = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(tf.argmax(net(X), axis=1))
    # 输出前15个的预测结果
    print(trues[0:15])
    print(preds[0:15])
   

predict_ch3(net, test_iter)

输出：之前预测错的，还是预测错了